Chapter 5- Development

Question 1

What is lifespan development?

Answer 1

Changes from birth through to old age

Question 2

What is physical development?

Answer 2

Involve changes in the body and various systems

Question 3

What is social development?

Answer 3

Changes in an individual’s relationships with other people and their skills in interacting with others.

Question 4

What is cognitive development?

Answer 4

Changes in an individual’s mental abilities

Question 5

What is emotional development?

Answer 5

Changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how these feelings are expressed, interpreted and dealt with.

Question 6

What is development?

Answer 6

Refers to changes that occur over time.

Question 7

What is the difference between physical changes and social, cognitive and emotional changes?

Answer 7

Physical changes are directly observable whereas the others are not.

Question 8

How do the different areas of development interact?

Answer 8

Physical development and psychological development are interdependent of each other.

Question 9

What is continuous development?

Answer 9

Involves gradual and ongoing change and the increase or decrease in ability with age.

Question 10

What is discontinuous development?

Answer 10

Involved distinct and separate, step-like stages with different kinds of abilities occurring in each stage. There are identifiable start and end points.

Question 11

What is the sequential nature of development?

Answer 11

Sequences of development usually begin with simple thoughts, feelings or behaviours and progress to more complex ones.

Question 12

What are individual differences in development?

Answer 12

The unique genetic makeup of the person plus their life experiences that determine the individual and their unique development.

Question 13

What are differences between individuals?

Answer 13

The rate of development compared to others.

Question 14

What are differences within individuals?

Answer 14

The growth of personality and cognitive abilities in each person

Question 15

What are quantitative changes and how are they expressed?

Answer 15

Variations in the quantity of a thought, feeling and behaviour. Usually expressed as numbers.

Question 16

What are qualitative changes and how are they expressed?

Answer 16

Changes that vary in quality, kind and type. These changes make the individual different from the way they were before. They are usually described in words

Question 17

What is psychosocial development?

Answer 17

Personality development that occurs throughout a lifetime

Question 18

Psychosocial crisis

Answer 18

A personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society

Question 19

Monozygotic twins

Answer 19

Identical because they share 100% of their genes. Give information about heredity

Question 20

Dizygotic twins

Answer 20

Share 50% of genes. Provide info about environment

Question 21

Adoption studies

Answer 21

Research with children who have been adopted to learn about influence of heredity and environment on psychological development

Question 22

Attachment

Answer 22

The emotional bond which forms between an infant and the caregiver

Question 23

Secure attachment

Answer 23

Balance between exploration and dependence. Feel safe

Question 24

Insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 24

Does not seek closeness with caregiver, result of neglectful behaviour

Question 25

Insecure resistant attachment

Answer 25

Infant appears anxious even when caregiver is near. May result from caregivers that aren’t responsive to needs

Question 26

Temperament

Answer 26

Characteristic way of reacting to people, objects and events.

Question 27

Psychosocial crisis

Answer 27

A personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society. A struggle between two opposing tendencies.

Question 28

Heredity

Answer 28

Involves the transmission of characteristics from biological parents to their offspring via genes at the time of conception

Question 29

Environment

Answer 29

All the experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed throughout our entire lifetime

Question 30

Maturation

Answer 30

The orderly and sequential developmental changes which occur in the nervous system and other bodily structures controlled by our genes

Question 31

Principle of readiness

Answer 31

Unless the necessary bodily structures and processes are sufficiently mature, then no amount of practise will produce the particular mental process or behaviour

Question 32

What are sensitive periods and when do they take place?

Answer 32

Up to 12 years

A period of time during development where an individual is more responsive to certain types of environmental experiences and learning

Question 33

What are critical periods?

Answer 33

A specific period in development during which an organism is most vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of certain environmental stimuli or experiences.