Chapter 5- Development Flashcards
What is lifespan development?
Changes from birth through to old age
What is physical development?
Involve changes in the body and various systems
What is social development?
Changes in an individual’s relationships with other people and their skills in interacting with others.
What is cognitive development?
Changes in an individual’s mental abilities
What is emotional development?
Changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how these feelings are expressed, interpreted and dealt with.
What is development?
Refers to changes that occur over time.
What is the difference between physical changes and social, cognitive and emotional changes?
Physical changes are directly observable whereas the others are not.
How do the different areas of development interact?
Physical development and psychological development are interdependent of each other.
What is continuous development?
Involves gradual and ongoing change and the increase or decrease in ability with age.
What is discontinuous development?
Involved distinct and separate, step-like stages with different kinds of abilities occurring in each stage. There are identifiable start and end points.
What is the sequential nature of development?
Sequences of development usually begin with simple thoughts, feelings or behaviours and progress to more complex ones.
What are individual differences in development?
The unique genetic makeup of the person plus their life experiences that determine the individual and their unique development.
What are differences between individuals?
The rate of development compared to others.
What are differences within individuals?
The growth of personality and cognitive abilities in each person
What are quantitative changes and how are they expressed?
Variations in the quantity of a thought, feeling and behaviour. Usually expressed as numbers.
What are qualitative changes and how are they expressed?
Changes that vary in quality, kind and type. These changes make the individual different from the way they were before. They are usually described in words
What is psychosocial development?
Personality development that occurs throughout a lifetime
Psychosocial crisis
A personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society
Monozygotic twins
Identical because they share 100% of their genes. Give information about heredity
Dizygotic twins
Share 50% of genes. Provide info about environment
Adoption studies
Research with children who have been adopted to learn about influence of heredity and environment on psychological development
Attachment
The emotional bond which forms between an infant and the caregiver
Secure attachment
Balance between exploration and dependence. Feel safe
Insecure avoidant attachment
Does not seek closeness with caregiver, result of neglectful behaviour
Insecure resistant attachment
Infant appears anxious even when caregiver is near. May result from caregivers that aren’t responsive to needs
Temperament
Characteristic way of reacting to people, objects and events.
Psychosocial crisis
A personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society. A struggle between two opposing tendencies.
Heredity
Involves the transmission of characteristics from biological parents to their offspring via genes at the time of conception
Environment
All the experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed throughout our entire lifetime
Maturation
The orderly and sequential developmental changes which occur in the nervous system and other bodily structures controlled by our genes
Principle of readiness
Unless the necessary bodily structures and processes are sufficiently mature, then no amount of practise will produce the particular mental process or behaviour
What are sensitive periods and when do they take place?
Up to 12 years
A period of time during development where an individual is more responsive to certain types of environmental experiences and learning
What are critical periods?
A specific period in development during which an organism is most vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of certain environmental stimuli or experiences.
