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Psychology > Ch 2/3 outcome 1 > Flashcards

Ch 2/3 outcome 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Transmits and receives messages to and from the PNS

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2
Q

Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Carries messages to and from the Central Nervous System

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3
Q

Three main functions of the nervous system?

A

~Receive information
~Process information
~Coordinate a response to information

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4
Q

What is the brain vs heart debate and who was involved?

A

~Theory of whether the brain or the heart was involved in emotion, thinking and mental processes.

~The Egyptians but can also be dated back to Greek philosophers Empidocles(Heart) and Alcmaeon(Brain).

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5
Q

What is the mind-body problem and who is involved?

A

~A theory of whether the mind is part of the body or the body is part of the mind.
~Renè Descartes believed that the mind and body were separate(dualism) but came into contact through the pineal gland.

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6
Q

What is the mind brain problem?

A

The relationship between brain activity and conscious experience.

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7
Q

What is phrenology and who was involved?

A

~Phrenology is a pseudoscience that was popular in the 19th century which noted that recessions and depressions on the skull’s surface determined personality.

~Franz Gall first discovered that different areas of the brain were used for different functions (localisation).

~Johann Spurzheim renamed the study ‘Phrenology’.

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8
Q

What is brain ablation and what did it discover?

A

~Destroying certain parts of the brain to record which functions were affected.

~First evidence of neuroplasticity.

~Mass action & Equipotentiality

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9
Q

What is Electric Stimulation of the Brain (ESB) and what did it discover?

A

~Electrically stimulating the brain to trigger movement in the body.

~This lead to epilepsy treatments.

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10
Q

What does CT stand for and what is its use?

A

~ Computerised Tomography

~Structure of brain: cross section

~Abnormalities

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11
Q

What does PET stand for and what is it’s use?

A

~ Positron Emission tomography

~ Function of brain areas including the level of activity in colour.

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12
Q

What does MRI stand for and what is it used for?

A

~Magnetic Resonance Imaging

~Structure of brain, changes in brain anatomy.

~High detail, can identify small changes.

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13
Q

What does fMRI stand for and what is it used for?

A

~Functional magnetic resonance imaging

~Observing brain activity and brain oxygen levels.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

~Connects CNS to internal organs and glands.

~Controls internal bodily functions without conscious thoughts

Eg. Sweating, blinking, breathing

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15
Q

What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?

A

~Carries sensory information to the CNS from sensory receptors. Eg. Skin(feel)

~Carries motor information from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

~Voluntary Movements

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16
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

~Prepares body for action when under threat.

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17
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

~Calms the body down after threat has passed.

~Returns body to normal state of function.

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18
Q

What is a neuron?

A

An individual nerve cell which makes up the nervous system

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19
Q

What are the 4 roles of the neuron?

A

~Enables nervous system function

~ Carry information around body (action potential

~Interprets messages

~Enables response

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons and their roles?

A
  1. Sensory Neurons- receive and carry sensory info from internal and external environments and monitor inner bodily changes.
  2. Motor Neurons- carry messages from CNS to skeletal muscles, organs and glands to enable movement and control function of internal organs.
  3. Interneurons- link sensory & motor Neurons to enable simple reflexes . Also converts sensory info to store in memory.
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21
Q

What is the role of the Soma?

A

To combine information received from the dendrites and send it to the axon.

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22
Q

What is the role of the dendrites?

A

Receives information from the other Neurons and sends it to the soma

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23
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A

To transmit info away from the soma to other Neurons or cells

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24
Q

What is the role of the myelin?

A

To insulate the axon from any activity of nearby axons.

25
Q

What is the role of the axon terminals?

A

Stimulates the release of neurotransmitter

26
Q

What are the roles of the terminal buttons?

A

Releases neurotransmitter

27
Q

Describe glial cells and analyse their function.

A

Smaller than Neurons and can readily multiply and divide.

~To provide: insulation, nutrients and support for neurons to function.

~ To help repair Neurons and clean up

28
Q

Describe the appearance of Astrocytes and analyse function

A

~ Large and star shaped

~Provide structural support by holding neuron in place.

~Keeps Neurons healthy

~Protects brain

29
Q

Describe appearance of Microglia and its function

A

Extremely small

~Protects Neurons from intruders

~Kills and eliminates foreign matter

~Cleans up

30
Q

What is the role of Oligodendroglia and where is it found?

A

Central Nervous System

~Forms and maintains myelin sheath

~Absorbs chemicals from Neurons to contribute to nutrition and function

31
Q

What is the role of Schwann cells and where are they found?

A

Peripheral nervous system

~Forms and maintains myelin sheath to insulate Neurons

32
Q

What are the roles of the left hemisphere of the brain?

A

~Controls the right side of the body
~Analysis
~Thinking logically
~Maths & science

33
Q

What are the roles of the right hemisphere of the brain?

A 
~controls left side of the body
~Spatial perception 
~Creativity
~Recognises emotions 
~Art & Music
34
Q

Name the 3 structures of the Hindbrain and its function

A

~Controls motor functions and vital automatic responses

  1. Cerebellum
  2. Medulla
  3. Pons
35
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

~ Coordinates fine muscle movements
~Posture and balance
~Learning & Memory associated with movement

36
Q

What is the function of the Medulla?

A

~Connects the spinal cord and the brain
~Controls automatic vital bodily functions eg. Heart rate
~Touch, pressure and vibration

37
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A

~Sleep, dreaming & waking
~Helps control breathing
~Relays messages between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex and medulla and midbrain.

38
Q

What is the main function of the midbrain and its structures?

A

Connects upper and lower brain and is involved with movement, processing auditory, visual & tactile information. Also involved with some voluntary movements.

  1. Substantia Nigra
  2. Reticular Formation
39
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation?

A

~Analyses incoming info and helps prevent brain overload.

~ Maintains consciousness

~Alerts higher brain centres of the incoming info

~Regulates muscle tension

40
Q

What is the role and 3 structures of the forebrain?

A

Regulates complex cognitive processes

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Cerebrum
41
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

~Releasing hormones

~Influences hunger, thirst & sleep

~Involved in emotional behaviours

42
Q

What is the role of the Thalamus?

A

~Filters incoming info and sends it to appropriate brain area to be processed.

~Prioritises sensory info

~Damage results in visual, hearing impairment and the inability to feel.

43
Q

What is the role of the cerebrum?

A

Responsible for almost every conscious thought, feeling and action.

44
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
45
Q

Name 2 structures located in the frontal lobe and their function

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
    ~ initiates voluntary movements
    ~Controls skeletal muscles
  2. Broca’s area
    ~Produces speech
    ~Coordinates muscles of mouth and tongue to form words
46
Q

Name a structure of the Parietal lobe and its function

A
  1. Primary somatosensory cortex
    ~receives and process sense info from hands, skin etc
    ~more cortex devoted to a body part= more sensitive
47
Q

Name a structure of the occipital lobe and its function

A
  1. Primary Visual Cortex

~receives and process visual info from eyes

48
Q

Name the structures of the temporal lobe and their functions

A
  1. primary auditory cortex
    ~receives and processes sound info from ears
  2. Wernicke’s area
    ~Comprehends speech
    ~Interprets sound
49
Q

What are the 7 steps of research?

Remember: IHMCAIR

A
  1. Identify the topic
  2. Construct a hypotenuse
  3. Design the method
  4. Collect the data
  5. Analyse the data
  6. Interpret and evaluate results
  7. Report and publish the data.
50
Q

What is the population?

A

The entire group that you are interested in studying

51
Q

What is the sample?

A

A small selection of the population participating in the experiment

52
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The factor that can be changed or manipulated by the researcher

53
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The factor that measures the difference between the two groups. Shows the effects of the IV

54
Q

What is the extraneous variable?

A

Anything other than the independent variable that can have an impact on the DV.

55
Q

What is the confounding variable?

A

Anything other than the IV that has impacted the DV which is found after the experiment has been conducted

56
Q

What is the experimental group?

A

The group exposed to the independent variable

57
Q

What is the control group?

A

The group that is not exposed to the IV and is used to compare results against

58
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of human thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

59
Q

What are participants’ rights in being part of an experiment?

A
  1. Protection and security or participants’ information.
  2. Confidentiality
  3. Voluntary participation
  4. Withdrawal rights
  5. Informed consent procedures
  6. Use of deception
  7. Debriefing

Psychology (9 decks)

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