Chapter 5. Definitions. Human Movement Science.

Question 1

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

Answer 1

Biomechanics (p83)

Question 2

Positioned above a point of reference.

Answer 2

Superior (p83)

Question 3

Positioned below a point of reference.

Answer 3

Inferior (p83)

Question 4

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.

Answer 4

Proximal (p83)

Question 5

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.

Answer 5

Distal (p83)

Question 6

On the front of the body.

Answer 6

Anterior (p83)

Question 7

On the back of the body.

Answer 7

Posterior (or dorsal)(p84)

Question 8

Positioned near the middle of the body.

Answer 8

Medial (p84)

Question 9

Positioned toward the outside of the body.

Answer 9

Lateral (p84)

Question 10

Positioned on the opposite of the body.

Answer 10

Contralateral (p84)

Question 11

Positioned on the same side of the body.

Answer 11

Ipsilateral (p84)

Question 12

The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of reference for our anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.

Answer 12

Anatomic position (p85)

Question 13

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

Answer 13

Sagittal plane (p85)

Question 14

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Answer 14

Flexion (p85)

Question 15

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Answer 15

Extension (p87)

Question 16

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

Answer 16

Hyperextension (p87)

Question 17

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

Answer 17

Frontal plane (p87)

Question 18

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

Answer 18

Abduction (p87)

Question 19

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.

Answer 19

Adduction (p87)

Question 20

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Answer 20

Transverse plane (p87)

Question 21

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Answer 21

Internal rotation (p87)

Question 22

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

Answer 22

External rotation (p87)

Question 23

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

Answer 23

Horizontal abduction (p87)

Question 24

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an lateral position to a anterior position.

Answer 24

Horizontal adduction (p87)

Question 25

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

Answer 25

Scapular retraction (p88)

Question 26

Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from` the midline.

Answer 26

Scapular protraction (p88)

Question 27

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.

Answer 27

Scapular depression (p88)

Question 28

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.

Answer 28

Scapular elevation (p88)

Question 29

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

Answer 29

Eccentric muscle action (p90)

Question 30

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.

Answer 30

Concentric muscle action (p91)

Question 31

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

Answer 31

Isometric muscle action (p92)

Question 32

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

Answer 32

Isokinetic muscle action (p92)

Question 33

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

Answer 33

Force (p94)

Question 34

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Answer 34

Length-tension (p94)

Question 35

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.

Answer 35

Force-couple (p95)

Question 36

Movement of the bones around the joints.

Answer 36

Rotary motion (p98)

Question 37

A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.

Answer 37

Torque (p98)

Question 38

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

Answer 38

Motor behavior (p99)

Question 39

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Answer 39

Motor control (p99)

Question 40

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

Answer 40

Motor learning (p99)

Question 41

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Answer 41

Motor development (p99)

Question 42

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.

Answer 42

Muscle synergies (p100)

Question 43

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.

Answer 43

Proprioception (p100)

Question 44

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

Answer 44

Sensorimotor integration (p100)

Question 45

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.

Answer 45

Feedback (p102)

Question 46

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

Answer 46

Internal feedback (p102)

Question 47

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

Answer 47

External feedback (p102)