Chapter 2. Definitions. Basic Exercise Science. Flashcards
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.
Nervous system (p18).
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Sensory function (p18).
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Integrative function (p18).
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.
Motor function (p18).
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.
Proprioception (p18).
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron (p18).
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Sensory (afferent) neurons (p18).
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Human movement system (p17).
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Interneurons (p19).
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors sites.
Motor (efferent) neurons (p19).
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Central nervous system (p19).
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.
Peripheral nervous system (p19).
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.
Mechanoreceptors (p20).
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Muscle spindles (p22).
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Golgi tendon organs (p22).
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Joint receptors (p22).
The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints.
Skeletal system (p24).
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.
Bones (p25).
Junctions bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.
Joints (p25).
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Axial skeleton (p25).
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.
Appendicular skeleton (p25).
The process of resorption and formation of bone.
Remodeling (p26).
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.
Osteoblasts (p26).
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Epiphysis (p27).
The shaft portion of a long bone.
Diaphysis (p27).
The region of the long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Epiphyseal plate (p27).
A sense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
Periosteum (p28).
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.
Medullar cavity (p28).
Cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage (p28).
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.
Depressions (p29).
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Processes (p29).
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
Vertebral column (p31).
Joint motion.
Arthrokinematics (p33).
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.
Synovial joints (p33).
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.
Nonsynovial joints (p35).
Primary connective tissue that connect bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
Ligament (p37).
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.
Muscular system (p39).
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.
Epimysium (p40).
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.
Perimysium (p40).
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Endomysium (p40).
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Tendons (p40).
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.
Sarcomere (p40).
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Neural activation (42).
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor unit (p42).
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
Neurotransmitters (p42).
The parts of a neuron. (Figure 2.1)
• Dendrites • Nucleus • Axon • Node • Neurolemma • Myelin sheath • Synaptic terminals (p19).
The central nervous system. (Figure 2.2)
Brain. (p20).
Spinal cord
• Brain stem
• Cervical enlargement
- Cervical nerves (C1-8)
- Thoracic nerves (T1-12)
• Lumbar enlargement
- Lumber nerves (L1-5)
- Sacral nerves (S1-5)
- Coccygeal nerveThe peripheral nervous system. (Figure 2.3)
• Cranial nerves
• Spinal nerves
(p21).
Nervous system structure. (Figure 2.4)
Nervous systems. (p21).
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System
\+ Sensory nerves
\+ Motor nerves
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
... Sympathetic nervous system
... Parasympathetic nervous systemA type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.
Osteoclasts. (p26).
