Chapter 2. Definitions. Basic Exercise Science.

Question 1

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.

Answer 1

Nervous system (p18).

Question 2

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Answer 2

Sensory function (p18).

Question 3

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

Answer 3

Integrative function (p18).

Question 4

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.

Answer 4

Motor function (p18).

Question 5

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.

Answer 5

Proprioception (p18).

Question 6

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Answer 6

Neuron (p18).

Question 7

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 7

Sensory (afferent) neurons (p18).

Question 8

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Answer 8

Human movement system (p17).

Question 9

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Answer 9

Interneurons (p19).

Question 10

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors sites.

Answer 10

Motor (efferent) neurons (p19).

Question 11

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 11

Central nervous system (p19).

Question 12

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.

Answer 12

Peripheral nervous system (p19).

Question 13

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.

Answer 13

Mechanoreceptors (p20).

Question 14

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Answer 14

Muscle spindles (p22).

Question 15

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Answer 15

Golgi tendon organs (p22).

Question 16

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Answer 16

Joint receptors (p22).

Question 17

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints.

Answer 17

Skeletal system (p24).

Question 18

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.

Answer 18

Bones (p25).

Question 19

Junctions bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.

Answer 19

Joints (p25).

Question 20

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Answer 20

Axial skeleton (p25).

Question 21

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

Answer 21

Appendicular skeleton (p25).

Question 22

The process of resorption and formation of bone.

Answer 22

Remodeling (p26).

Question 23

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.

Answer 23

Osteoblasts (p26).

Question 24

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

Answer 24

Epiphysis (p27).

Question 25

The shaft portion of a long bone.

Answer 25

Diaphysis (p27).

Question 26

The region of the long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Answer 26

Epiphyseal plate (p27).

Question 27

A sense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.

Answer 27

Periosteum (p28).

Question 28

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

Answer 28

Medullar cavity (p28).

Question 29

Cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones.

Answer 29

Articular (hyaline) cartilage (p28).

Question 30

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.

Answer 30

Depressions (p29).

Question 31

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Answer 31

Processes (p29).

Question 32

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

Answer 32

Vertebral column (p31).

Question 33

Joint motion.

Answer 33

Arthrokinematics (p33).

Question 34

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.

Answer 34

Synovial joints (p33).

Question 35

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.

Answer 35

Nonsynovial joints (p35).

Question 36

Primary connective tissue that connect bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

Answer 36

Ligament (p37).

Question 37

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.

Answer 37

Muscular system (p39).

Question 38

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

Answer 38

Epimysium (p40).

Question 39

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

Answer 39

Perimysium (p40).

Question 40

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Answer 40

Endomysium (p40).

Question 41

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

Answer 41

Tendons (p40).

Question 42

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin.

Answer 42

Sarcomere (p40).

Question 43

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

Answer 43

Neural activation (42).

Question 44

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Answer 44

Motor unit (p42).

Question 45

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Answer 45

Neurotransmitters (p42).

Question 46

The parts of a neuron. (Figure 2.1)

Answer 46

•	Dendrites
•	Nucleus
•	Axon
•	Node
•	Neurolemma
•	Myelin sheath
•	Synaptic terminals
(p19).

Question 47

The central nervous system. (Figure 2.2)

Answer 47

Brain. (p20).
Spinal cord
•	Brain stem
•	Cervical enlargement
            - Cervical nerves (C1-8)           
            - Thoracic nerves (T1-12)
•	Lumbar enlargement
             - Lumber nerves (L1-5)
             - Sacral nerves (S1-5)
             - Coccygeal nerve

Question 48

The peripheral nervous system. (Figure 2.3)

Answer 48

• Cranial nerves
• Spinal nerves
(p21).

Question 49

Nervous system structure. (Figure 2.4)

Answer 49

Nervous systems. (p21).
•	Central Nervous System
•	Peripheral Nervous System
        \+ Sensory nerves
        \+ Motor nerves
           - Somatic nervous system
           - Autonomic nervous system
             ... Sympathetic nervous system
             ... Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 50

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.

Answer 50

Osteoclasts. (p26).