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PSYC 101 > Chapter 5: Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

person’s subjective (and limited) experience of the world and the mind

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2
Q

Phenomenology

A

how things seem to the conscious person in their understanding of mind and behavior

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3
Q

Problem of other minds

A

fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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4
Q

Two dimensions for mind perception

A

Capacity for experience (ability to feel pain, pleasure, hunger, consciousness, anger, or fear) and capacity for agency or control (ability for self-control, planning, memory, or thought)

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5
Q

Mind-body problem

A

issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

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6
Q

What did René Descartes believe to be the center of the soul and consciousness?

A

Pineal gland

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7
Q

Does brain activity or conscious thinking come first (Libet test)?

A

Brain activity (EEG) > Conscious decision to act (clock reading) > Action occurs (EMG)

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8
Q

Four basic properties of consciousness

A

intentionality, unity, selectivity, transience

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9
Q

Intentionality

A

quality of being directed or focused towards an object

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10
Q

Unity

A

resistance to division or the ability to integrate information from all the body’s senses in one coherent whole

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11
Q

Selectivity

A

capacity to include some objects but not others; either filter out or tune in some information e.g. cocktail party effect and binocular rivalry

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12
Q

Dichotic listening

A

people wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear

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13
Q

Transience

A

tendency to change; “stream of consciousness”

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14
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

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15
Q

Full consciousness

A

you know and are able to report your mental state; awareness of experience

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16
Q

Self-consciousness

A

distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

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17
Q

Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (COMA)

A

when people emerge from a COMA, eyes open, have sleep/wake cycles, do not respond to external stimuli for more than a month, still activity in regions of the brain stem

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18
Q

Vegetative state

A

alternate between eyes-open and eyes-closed state, periods of time where they appear to be awake but none of the behaviors are produced reliably in response to external stimulation

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19
Q

Minimally conscious state (COMA)

A

when people emerge from a COMA, can respond reliably e.g. following an object with eyes but somewhat inconsistently to sensory stimulation

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20
Q

Locked-in syndrome

A

rare condition where patients are fully aware but cannot demonstrate it because they cannot move any voluntary muscles; not a disorder of consciousness

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21
Q

Experience sampling or ecological momentary assessment (EMA)

A

people are asked to report their conscious experiences at particular times

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22
Q

Daydreaming or wandering mind

A

state of consciousness in which a seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind, brain is active

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23
Q

Mental control

A

attempt to change conscious states of mind

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24
Q

Thought suppression

A

conscious avoidance of a thought

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25
Q

Rebound of thought suppression

A

tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following active suppression

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26
Q

Theory of ironic processes of mental control

A

Such ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them; ironic monitor works outside of consciousness

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27
Q

Dynamic unconscious - Freud

A

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, person’s deepest instincts and desires, and inner struggle to control these forces

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28
Q

Repression

A

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

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29
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

includes all mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person

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30
Q

Dual process theories

A

we have two different systems in our brains for processing information: System 1 and System 2

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31
Q

System 1

A

dedicated to fast, automatic, unconscious processing

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32
Q

System 2

A

dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing

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33
Q

Sleep, an altered state of consciousness

A

form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and mind

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34
Q

Hypnagogic state

A

pre-sleep consciousness wherein you experience wandering thoughts and images

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35
Q

Hypnic jerk

A

sudden quiver or sensation of dropping

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36
Q

Hypnopompic state

A

post-sleep consciousness; waking consciousness returns in a foggy and imprecise form

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37
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle accompanied by a regular pattern of changes in electrical activity in the brain (recorded by EEG)

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38
Q

Beta waves

A

high frequency activity during alertness

39
Q

Alpha waves

A

lower-frequency activity during relaxation

40
Q

Five stages of sleep - temporal changes in EEG recordings

A

(1) Theta waves- lower than alpha waves (2) Short bursts of activity called sleep spindles, and K complexes, more difficult to awaken (3 & 4) Slow-wave sleep with lowest frequency delta waves, deepest stages (5) REM sleep- rapid eye movements and high level of brain activity, high-frequency sawtooth waves like beta

41
Q

Electrooculograph (EOG)

A

instrument that measures eye movements

42
Q

REM sleep

A

frequent (real time) dreams when wakened during this stage, pulse quickens, blood pressure rises, sexual arousal, still except rapid side-to-side movement of eyes

43
Q

Cycles of sleep stages

A

From waking to the fourth and deepest stage, delta waves with synchronized neural firing, to lighter sleep stages, then REM sleep (lighter than others but deep enough that you are difficult to awaken); REM gets longer while slow-wave sleep eventually disappears

44
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A

Detrimental effect on memory, mental acuity, reaction time, increases irritability and depression, risk of accidents and injury

45
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep; desire to sleep increases sensitivity to signs of sleeplessness, which interfere with sleep

46
Q

Sleep apnea

A

disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep, usually snores due to involuntary obstruction of the breathing passage

47
Q

Somnambulism or sleepwalking

A

when a person arises and walks around usually during slow-wave sleep early in the night, with eyes open and a glassy look; more common in children (4-8)

48
Q

Narcolepsy

A

chronic sleep disorder where sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities, intrusion of a dreaming state of sleep (REM) into waking, genetic

49
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

experience of waking up unable to move usually as you are awakening from REM but before regaining motor control, sometimes associated with narcolepsy, can be accompanied by hypnopompic (when awakening) or hypnagogic (when falling asleep) hallucinations

50
Q

Night terrors or sleep terrors

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal often in non-REM sleep early in the cycle with no dream content, sometimes paired with somnambulism

51
Q

5 major characteristics of dream consciousness that distinguish it from the waking state

A

(1) Feeling intense emotion (2) Dream thought is illogical (3) Sensation is fully formed and meaningful- visual is predominant (4) Occurs with uncritical acceptance as if it’s normal (5) Difficulty remembering the dream

52
Q

Freud’s theory of dreams

A

Manifest content, the apparent topic or superficial meaning, obscures its latent content, the dream’s underlying meaning (unwanted thoughts); Dreams begin with meaning

53
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity during sleep, involves emotion and visual imagery but not planning (prefrontal cortex); Dreams begin randomly then meaning is added

54
Q

Brain areas activated while dreaming (fMRI)

A

Amygdala (responses to threatening or stressful events), Visual association areas in the occipital lobe responsible for visual imagery (not perception), the motor cortex (but movement is inhibited), and the brainstem

55
Q

Brain area deactivated while dreaming

A

Prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for planning and executing actions

56
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

state in which a person becomes aware that he or she is dreaming while still in a sleep and dream state; greater connectivity between prefrontal cortex and association areas that are typically deactivated

57
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system (functioning of neurotransmitters)

58
Q

Positive reinforcement of drugs

A

increase in the likelihood of a behavior after being rewarded; repeating the use of psychoactive drugs because they induce a positive psychological state

59
Q

Negative reinforcement of drugs

A

increase in the likelihood of a behavior following the removal of an aversive state; people continue using psychoactive drugs to alleviate withdrawal symptoms from after the drug leaves their system

60
Q

Three primary factors that are influential in drug addiction (positive to negative reinforcement)

A

drug tolerance, physical dependence, psychological dependence

61
Q

Drug tolerance

A

tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to achieve the same effect i.e. greater doses of drugs to dampen the same pain which can lead to drug overdose

62
Q

Physical dependence

A

to prevent pain, convulsions, hallucinations, or other unpleasant symptoms that accompany withdrawal from drug use

63
Q

Psychological dependence

A

strong desire to return to the drug even when physical withdrawal symptoms are gone

64
Q

Types of psychoactive drugs

A

depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens

65
Q

Depressants

A

substances that reduce the activity of the CNS, have a sedative/calming effect, produce both physical and psychological dependence

66
Q

Alcohol as the “king” of depressants

A

increases activity of the neurotransmitter GABA like other depressants yet people react very differently

67
Q

Expectancy Theory

A

alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

68
Q

Alcohol Myopia

A

alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

69
Q

Stimulants e.g. caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, and cocaine

A

substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels by increasing levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, and promote physical and psychological dependence, elicits euphoria and confidence/motivation

70
Q

Ecstacy

A

a stimulant known for making users feel empathic and close to those around them but has unpleasant side effects, can lead to some dependence

71
Q

Cocaine

A

Produces exhilaration and euphoria and are seriously addictive, causes dependence and potentially lethal side effects

72
Q

Narcotics or opiates e.g. heroin, morphine, and codeine

A

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relive pain by inducing a feeling of well-being and relaxation, but also stupor and lethargy, creates both tolerance and dependence, drug properties closely related to endorphins

73
Q

Hallucinogens e.g. LSD and ketamine

A

produce the most extreme alterations of consciousness, alters sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations, unlikely to be addictive, do not induce significant tolerance or dependence

74
Q

Gateway drug

A

drug (e.g. marijuana, alcohol. and tobacco) whose use increases risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

75
Q

Hypnosis

A

social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s (participant) subjective experience of the world

76
Q

Posthypnotic amnesia

A

people susceptible to hypnosis experience the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

77
Q

Hypnotic analgesia

A

reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to it

78
Q

Selective visual attention

A

consciously perceiving only a part of the stimulus

79
Q

Philosophical zombie problem

A

How challenging it is to study consciousness of others: a zombie is programmed to say “Ouch!” despite not feeling pain when it is poked

80
Q

Chinese room problem

A

A philosopher is faced with random Chinese characters he doesn’t know anything about and given a book with instructions. He is able to construct meaningful sentences, leading a Chinese speaker outside the room to think they are speaking to another Chinese speaker.

81
Q

Turing test

A

A thought experiment where an observer has to determine which is the person and which is the computer (artificial intelligence) when in conversation; computer passes if the observer is unable to determine accurately which is which

82
Q

Libet test

A

A participant is asked to move their fingers at their own will while reporting the time they move, an EEG measures their brain activity and an EMG measures muscle movement

83
Q

Attentional blink

A

Focusing on the first target depletes the observer’s limited attention, making them blind to the second target

84
Q

Hemispatial neglect

A

neuropsychological disorder caused by damage to one hemisphere where there is deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of the visual field, occurs across modalities (visual and tactile)

85
Q

Blindsight

A

some people who have lost their vision find a “second sight” and somehow their unconscious mind guide their behavior correctly

86
Q

Subliminal perception

A

stimulus below an individual’s threshold for conscious perception is registered and processed without our awareness, and guides our behavior

87
Q

Interocular suppression

A

invisible stimulus can attract attention, an image presented to one eye suppressed another image presented to the other eye

88
Q

Freudian slip

A

an unconscious error that reveals unconscious feelings

89
Q

Stroop task

A

Facilitation: color of the text and name of the color (automated), Interference: control condition with random words assigned different colors, or color of the text is mismatched with the name of the color

90
Q

Brain death

A

irreversible loss of brain function, no brain activity, placed on artificial life support machine

91
Q

When is the default mode network activated?

A

when people daydream while engaging in a familiar mental task, also when someone has schizophrenia (overactivation), ADHD or depression (increased)

92
Q

When is the default mode network suppressed?

A

when people are actively focused on a task, also when someone has alzheimer’s disease (reduced activation)

93
Q

What happens to the brain when asleep?

A

Superchiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus receives information about the amount of light in the environment and sends a signal to the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin to the bloodstream

PSYC 101 (12 decks)

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