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PSYC 101 > Chapter 3: Neuroscience and Behavior 3.4-3.6 > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Neuroscience and Behavior 3.4-3.6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Networks

A

Consists of interacting and interdependent regions of the brain that work together to support complex psychological functions

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2
Q

What are the three main divisions of the brain?

A

From bottom to top (simpler functions to more complex), hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

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3
Q

Hindbrain

A

Area of the brain the coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord (continuous with one another)

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4
Q

What functions do the hindbrain control?

A

The most basic functions of life: respiration, wakefulness, heart rate, sleep

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5
Q

What structures make up the hindbrain?

A

Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, and pons

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6
Q

Medulla

A

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

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7
Q

Reticular formation

A

Small cluster of neurons that begins inside the medulla and extends upward, and regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls fine motor skills i.e. fine-tunes the execution of our actions (not initiating), Latin for “little brain”

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9
Q

Pons

A

Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain, Latin for “bridge”

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10
Q

What are the two main structures of the midbrain?

A

The tectum and the tegmentum

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11
Q

Tectum

A

Orients an organism in the environment through receiving a stimulus from the eyes, ears, and skin and moving the organism in a coordinated way towards the stimulus

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12
Q

Tegmentum

A

Involved in movement and arousal, and also helps orient an organism towards sensory stimuli

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

Central location of neurotransmitters involved in arousal, mood, motivation, and the brain structures that rely on them

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14
Q

Forebrain

A

Controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

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15
Q

What are the two main sections of the forebrain?

A

The cerebral cortex and the subcortical structures

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16
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye, and divided into two hemispheres that are connected by the corpus callosum

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17
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the center of the brain

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18
Q

What are the six subcortical structures?

A

Thalamus, three components of the limbic system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala), basal ganglia, and pituitary gland (part of the endocrine system)

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays and filters information from the senses (except for smell which has direct connections) to the cerebral cortex, closes pathways of incoming sensory information during sleep

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located under (hypo in Greek) the thalamus, regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, food intake

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21
Q

Limbic system

A

Group of forebrain structures including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala that are involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory; where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex

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22
Q

Hippocampus

A

Creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge for indefinite storage in other parts of the cerebral cortex

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23
Q

Amygdala

A

Located at the tip of each horn of the hippocampus, plays a central role in many emotional processes e.g. formation of emotional memories; encoding events as fearful

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24
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements e.g. striatum for the control of posture and movement

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25
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body

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26
Q

Gyri (gyrus for singular) and Sulci (sulcus for singular)

A

Gyri are the raised part and Sulci are the indentations or fissures

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27
Q

Contralateral control

A

Right cerebral hemisphere perceives stimuli from and controls movements from the left side of the body and vice versa

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28
Q

Commissures

A

Bundles of axons that connect cerebral hemispheres and allow them to communicate

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29
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Largest commissure; connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres

30
Q

What are the four lobes in each hemisphere?

A

From back to front, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

31
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual information

32
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Carries out functions that include processing information about touch, contains the somatosensory cortex

33
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Strip of brain tissue running from the top of the brain down to the sides; represents skin areas on the contralateral surface of the body

34
Q

Homunculus

A

Distorted figure that shows how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to each body part e.g. tongue and hands are more sensitive/controllable

35
Q

Motor cortex

A

Strip of brain tissue in the frontal lobe right in front of the somatosensory cortex that initiates voluntary movements and sends messages to the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and spinal cord

36
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Responsible for hearing and language

37
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Receives sensory information from the ears based on the frequencies of sounds

38
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

39
Q

Association areas

A

in the cerebral cortex, composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in primary areas by integrating them

40
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Found in the frontal lobe and parietal lobe; are active when people watch someone perform a behavior and recognizes its goal and outcome

41
Q

Brain plasticity

A

Brain’s ability to be changed; functions that were assigned to certain areas of the brain may be capable of being reassigned to other areas of the brain to accommodate changing input from the environment.

42
Q

Phantom limb syndrome

A

Amputees continue to experience sensation where a missing limb would be

43
Q

Degree of relatedness

A

The probability of sharing genes

44
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of environmental influences that determine the expression of genes without altering basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves

45
Q

Epigenetic marks

A

Chemical modifications to DNA that turn genes on or off e.g. DNA methylation and Histone modification

46
Q

Heritability

A

Measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors; calculated as a proportion with an index ranging from 0-1

47
Q

What are four important points about heritability?

A

Heritability is an abstract concept, a population concept, dependent on the environment, not fate

48
Q

Split brain procedure

A

An operation that severs the corpus callosum to alleviate the severity of seizures

49
Q

What is the behavior of people with split brains?

A

The information on the right hemisphere is unable to travel to the left hemisphere, which controls the production of speech, and vice versa.

50
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Device used to record electrical activity in the brain; amplifies the electrical signals in synapses and action potentials from electrodes placed on the outside of the head

51
Q

Feature detectors

A

Neurons in the visual cortex that selectively respond to certain aspects of a visual image

52
Q

Structural brain imaging

A

Provides information about the basic structure of the brain and allows clinicians/researchers to see abnormalities in brain structure

53
Q

Functional brain imaging

A

Provides information about the activity of the brain while people perform various cognitive or motor tasks

54
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CT) scan

A

Scanner rotates a device around a person’s head and takes a series of X-ray photographs from different angles; shows different densities of tissue in the brain and locates lesions or tumors (darker, less dense)

55
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Strong magnetic field lines up nuclei of specific molecules of brain tissue and pulses of radio waves cause nuclei to rotate out of alignment then snap back in line, releasing unique energy signatures; reveals brain structures with unique molecular compositions in better resolution that a CT scan to localize brain damage

56
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

type of MRI that is used to visualize white matter pathways, which are fiber bundles that connect nearby and distant brain regions to one another, by measuring the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules

57
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Harmless radioactive substance is injected into bloodstream, brain is scanned by radiation detectors as person performs perceptual or cognitive tasks, level of radioactivity in each region is recorded producing a computerized image of activated areas

58
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Detects the difference between oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin when exposed to magnetic pulses to provide a picture of the level of activation in each brain area

59
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Molecule in the blood that carries oxygen to our tissues, including the brain

60
Q

Advantages of fMRI over PET

A

Doesn’t require exposure to radioactive substance, can localize changes in brain activity over briefer periods, design experiments that more closely resemble those carried out in psychology laboratory

61
Q

Resting state functional connectivity

A

Does not require patients to perform a task while fMRI measures the extent to which spontaneous activity in different brain regions is correlated over time to identify brain networks

62
Q

Default networks

A

Group of interconnected regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes involved in internally focused cognitive activities

63
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Activates and deactivates regions of the brain with a magnetic pulse, temporarily mimicking brain damage; enables scientists to perform experiments that establish causal relationships

64
Q

What are the three main methods to understand how the brain affects behavior?

A

Studying people with brain damage, studying the brain’s electrical activity, and using brain imaging to study brain structure and watch the brain in action

65
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Mediated by connections between sensory inputs and motor neurons in the spinal cord

66
Q

Reflex arc

A

neural pathway that controls reflex actions

67
Q

Mirror therapy

A

Movement of intact hand in front of a mirror tricks the brain by letting the person perceive that the missing hand is moving as well, reducing the phantom pain

68
Q

Stroke damages right hemisphere

A

Only local processing

69
Q

Stroke damages left hemisphere

A

Only global processing

70
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Records magnetic fields generated by brain’s electric activity

71
Q

Single neuron recording

A

Hubel and Wiesel inserted electrodes into brains of anesthetized cats and discovered feature detectors: neurons in the visual cortex responded to different line orientations or angles

PSYC 101 (12 decks)

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