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PSYC 101 > Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 4.1-4.3 (Visual) > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 4.1-4.3 (Visual) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

simple stimulation of a sense organ; basic registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, taste as parts of your body interact with the physical world

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2
Q

Perception

A

organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

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3
Q

Transduction

A

sense receptors convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals that are sent to the CNS

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4
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current (unchanging) conditions

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

methods that systematically relate the physical characteristics of a stimulus to an observer’s perception

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials

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7
Q

Sensitivity

A

how responsive we are to faint stimuli

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8
Q

Acuity

A

how well we can distinguish two very similar stimuli

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9
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

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10
Q

Weber’s law

A

for every sense domain, the change in a stimulus that is just noticeable is a constant ratio of the standard stimulus, over a range of standard intensities

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11
Q

Signal detection theory (SDT)

A

way of analyzing data from psychophysics experiments that measure an individual’s perceptual sensitivity while taking noise, expectations, motivations, and goals into account

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12
Q

Decision criterion of SDT

A

(1) strength of the sensory evidence for that stimulus (2) the amount of evidence necessary for your perceptual system to “decide” that the stimulus is present

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13
Q

Visual acuity

A

ability to see fine detail

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14
Q

Properties of light waves

A

Length (hue or what we perceive as color), amplitude (brightness), purity (saturation or richness of color)

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15
Q

Accommodation

A

process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

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16
Q

Two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina

A

Contain light-sensitive proteins that absorb light and transduce it into electrical signals: Cones (color, fine detail, normal daylight) and Rods (night vision, low-light)

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17
Q

Fovea

A

an area of the retina where vision is clearest and there are no rods

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18
Q

Blind spot

A

location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina

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19
Q

Layers of the retina

A

photoreceptor cells beneath a layer of transparent neurons called bipolar and retinal ganglion cells

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20
Q

Bipolar cells

A

collect electrical signals from rods and cones and transmit them to the outermost layer of the retina

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21
Q

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)

A

they organize the signal from bipolar cells and send them to the brain

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22
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

located in the thalamus of each hemisphere, from where visual signals travel to area V1 at back of the brain

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23
Q

Area V1

A

part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex

24
Q

Visible spectrum

A

rainbow of hues and accompanying wavelengths

25
Q

Types of cones

A

Sensitive to red (long wavelengths), green (medium wavelengths), blue (short wavelengths) light

26
Q

Color vision deficiency or color blindness

A

Genetic and sex-linked disorder in which one, two, or all three cone types are missing

27
Q

Color-opponent system

A

pairs of cone types (channels) work in opposition: L-cone against M-cone, S-cone against M-cone; explains color afterimage

28
Q

Visual receptive field

A

region of the visual field to which each neuron responds

29
Q

Two visual streams or pathways

A

Ventral (lower) stream and dorsal (upper) stream; functionally distinct

30
Q

Ventral stream, the “what” pathway

A

travels across occipital lobe into lower levels of the temporal lobes and includes brain areas that represent an object’s shape and identity

31
Q

Dorsal stream, the “perception for action” pathway

A

travels up from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobes (including some middle and upper levels of temporal lobes) and includes brain areas that identify where an object is and how it’s moving

32
Q

Binding problem

A

how the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features

33
Q

Parallel processing

A

brain’s capacity to perform many activities at the same time

34
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

a perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects e.g. color and shape

35
Q

Feature-integration theory

A

focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that make up a stimulus but it is required to bind those features together

36
Q

Attention

A

active and conscious processing of particular information

37
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains constant

38
Q

Perceptual contrast

A

although sensory information from two things may be very similar, we perceive the objects as different

39
Q

Perceptual organization

A

process of grouping and segregating features to create whole objects organized in meaningful ways

40
Q

Gestalt principles of perceptual grouping

A

Simplicity, closure, continuity, similarity, proximity, common fate

41
Q

Dimensions in the retinal image

A

Length and width

42
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye

43
Q

Binocular depth cues (binocular disparity)

A

the difference in retinal images of the two eyes to provide information about depth; farther object mapped in similar location in the retina

44
Q

Apparent motion

A

perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations

45
Q

Spacial acuity

A

ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in space

46
Q

Temporal acuity

A

ability to distinguish two features that are very close together in time

47
Q

Change blindness

A

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

48
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

49
Q

Filling-in

A

our perceptual system uses visual information around the blind spot to fill in area occupied by it

50
Q

Synesthesia

A

Coupling of two or more senses in around 4% of population

51
Q

Additive color mixing (lights)

A

Mixing different amounts of visible light waves (primarily red, blue, and green) becomes closer to white as more is added

52
Q

Subtractive color mixing (paints)

A

Absorbing/subtracting some light wavelengths and reflecting others (primarily cyan, magenta, and yellow) until it becomes black (all absorbed, none reflected)

53
Q

Types of monocular depth cues

A

linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, relative size, familiar size, relative height

54
Q

Binocular rivalry

A

two dissimilar images are presented simultaneously to each eye and perception alternates

55
Q

3D anaglyph images

A

creating depth perception using binocular disparity

56
Q

Visual-form agnosia

A

impairment in recognition of visual objects due to damage in lateral occipital cortex (ventral)

57
Q

Mcgurk effect

A

effect in which conflicting visual and auditory components of a speech stimulus result in illusory percept

PSYC 101 (12 decks)

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