Chapter 5 - Communication Flashcards
What are the steps of interpersonal communication? (5)
- Source encodes info
- Source transmits info.
- Receiver receives info.
- Receiver decodes message.
- Receiver transmits feedback.
What are some factors that influence how the source encodes their info? (4)
-Noise level
-Level of comfort
-mood
-environmental factors
Interpersonal gap
Sender’s intentions differ from the effect on the receiver.
Intent (of communication)
Internal to person A, must be inferred by person B
Impact (of communication)
Internal to person B, must be inferred by person A.
What contributes to the interpersonal gap? (4)
-Culture
-tone
-social context
-prior experiences
Functions of nonverbal communication (5)
-providing information
-regulating interactions
-defining the nature of the relationship
-Interpersonal influence
-Impression management
Components of nonverbal communication (4)
-Facial expressions
-Eyes/gazing behaviour
-Body movement
-Touch
How do you measure interpersonal closeness based on distance?
-Intimate (0-50 cm)
-Personal (0.5-1 m)
-Social (1-4 m)
-Public (> 4 m)
Paralanguage
Emphasis/intonation of how you say something
Characteristics of nonverbal communication (3)
-Not independent/discrete
-Typically occur together
-Can tailor to diff situations
Nonverbal sensitivity
Some people are better at reading it than others
Emotional intelligence
Having a higher nonverbal sensitivity
Self-disclosure
Revealing personal info to someone
Social Penetration Theory
- Superficial level
- Intimate level
- Very intimate level
When does the superficial level of social penetration occur?
When first meeting
When does intimate level of social penetration occur?
During relationship development
When does the very intimate level of social penetration occur?
When you have a close relationship
How does closeness affect communication?
Communication increases in depth/breadth.
The interpersonal process model of intimacy (Reis and Shaver,1988) (3)
1) Engaging in self-disclosure
2) Relationship is authentic, involves openness and honesty.
3) Both partners need to be responsive.
Differences in verbal communication (4)
-Topics
-Style of conversation
-Self-disclosure
-Instrumentality vs. expressivity
Instrumentality
Wanting to do an activity while verbally communicating (i.e., having a meeting over golf)
Expressivity
Able to have a conversation and focus on it alone
11 Types of Dysfunctional Communication
- Kitchen-sinking
- Offbeaming
- Mindreading
- Interrupting
- Yes-butting
- Cross-complaining
- Criticism
- Defensiveness
- Stonewalling
- Belligerence
- Contempt
Kitchen-sinking
addressing several complaints all at once
Offbeaming
Go from topic to topic without staying on one long enough to resolve it.
Mindreading
Assume you understand their thoughts/feelings/opinions without asking.
Interrupting
interjecting to express disagreement or change topic
Yes-butting
Finding something wrong with everything your partner says
Cross-complaining
Responding to a partner’s complaint with one of your own
Criticism
Attack person’s personality instead of a specific behaviour concern.
Criticism
Attack person’s personality instead of a specific behaviour concern.
Defensiveness
Partners protect themselves by making excuses or cross-complaining
Stonewalling
Withdrawing in stony silence
Belligerence
One partner aggressively rejecting the other’s attempts to communicate
Contempt
Insults, mockery, hostile humor, implying the other person is beneath you
How do you improve communication
-Identify what you want to talk about simply/completely
-Use I-statements
-XYZ statements
-Active listening/paraphrasing
-Perception-checking
-Asking for clarification
-Remain calm
-Validate
XYZ statement
“When you do X in situation Y, I feel Z”
Perception checking
Assess accuracy of your inferences
Validation
recognizing each other’s points of view
Types of validation (3)
Emotional, behavioural, cognitive
