Chapter 5 Client Based Nutrition Services

Question 1

recommended intake of carbs, fats, proteins

Answer 1

acceptable macronutrient distribution range

Question 2

important molecule in metabolism that is formed as intermediate in the oxidation of carbs, fats, and proteins.

Answer 2

acetyl-CoA

Question 3

energy storage and transfer unit within cells of body

Answer 3

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 4

estimated amount of a nutrient per day consumed by ppl assumed to be maintaining adequate nutrition

Answer 4

adequate intake

Question 5

one of the mian types of connective tissue where fat is stored

Answer 5

adipose tissue

Question 6

essential amino acids including leucine, isoleucine, and valine that can be used as energy directly in muscle.

Answer 6

branched chain amino acids BCAAs

Question 7

scientific unit of energy

Answer 7

calorie

Question 8

skeletal structure of am organic compound, series of atoms bonded together that form the essential structure of the compound

Answer 8

Carbon skeleton

Question 9

a carbon atom joined to a hydroxl group by a single bond and to an oxygen atom by a double bond

Answer 9

carboxyl group -COOH

Question 10

protein commonly found in mammalian milk

Answer 10

casein

Question 11

metabolic process that breaks down molecules

Answer 11

catabolism

Question 12

federal agency that conducts and supports activities related to public health

Answer 12

CDC - center for disease control and prevention

Question 13

energy contained in a molecule that has not yet been released in carbohydrates, fats, or proteins

Answer 13

chemical energy

Question 14

persistent disease lasting 3 months or longer

Answer 14

chronic disease

Question 15

consuming two or more incomplete proteins together to provide needed amino acids

Answer 15

complementary proteins

Question 16

carb with >10 carbon/water units. whole grain and veggie starch/fiber examples.

Answer 16

complex carbohydrate

Question 17

nonessential amino acids that cannot be produced due to disease, and must be acquired from dietary source

Answer 17

conditionally essential amino acids

Question 18

compund made in the body but that can also be consumed in the diet, mostly from meat and fish. involved in the supply of energy for muscular contraction

Answer 18

creatine

Question 19

guide to nutrients found within one serving of food

Answer 19

daily value

Question 20

first step in breakdown of amino acids, includes the removal of the nitrogen grouo

Answer 20

deamination

Question 21

general term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy individuals

Answer 21

dietary reference intake (DRIs)

Question 22

recommended intake for specific nutrients

Answer 22

dietary standards

Question 23

act that defines and regulates dietary supplements; enacted by Congress following public debate concerning the role of dietary supplements in promoting health

Answer 23

dietary supplement health and education act of 94 DSHEA

Question 24

minerals in blood and other body fluids that carry an electrical charge

Answer 24

electrolytes

Question 25

series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors, generating ATP in the process

Answer 25

electron transport chain

Question 26

calories that provide little or no nutrients

Answer 26

empty calories

Question 27

the ability of a fat to mix with water

Answer 27

emulsification

Question 28

supplements used to benefit athletic performance or exercise

Answer 28

ergogenic aids

Question 29

amino acids that cant be produced by the body and must be acquired from food

Answer 29

essential amino acids

Question 30

estimated amount of a nutrient per day at which the needs of 50% of the population will be met

Answer 30

estimated average requirement (EAR)

Question 31

general recommendation for calorie intake based on formulas designed to include individual characteristics such as age, gender, height, weight, and level of physical activity

Answer 31

estimated energy requirement (EER)

Question 32

total body mass, without the fat. it is the lean or nonfat components of the body

Answer 32

fat free mass (FFM)

Question 33

a chain of carbons linked or bonded together, and the building blocks of fat in the human body

Answer 33

fatty acid

Question 34

energy is neither created nor destroyed

Answer 34

1st law of thermodynamics

Question 35

a redox cofactor, more specifically a prosthetic group, involved im several important metabolic reactions

Answer 35

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 36

fruit sugar, found in fruits, honey, syrups, certain veggies

Answer 36

fructose

Question 37

combines glucose with lactose

Answer 37

galactose

Question 38

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids

Answer 38

gluconeogenesis

Question 39

simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbs, fat, and to a lesser extent, protein that serves as body's main source of fuel

Answer 39

glucose

Question 40

a simple polyol (sugar alcohol) compound. it is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid. the glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides

Answer 40

glycerol

Question 41

complex carb that is stored in liver and muscle cells. when carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is converted intonglucose for use by muscle cells.

Answer 41

glycogen

Question 42

a catabolic process that breaks down flucose to a usable form of energy, ATP.

Answer 42

glycolysis

Question 43

sweetener made from cornstarch and converted to fructose in food processing

Answer 43

high fructose corn syrup

Question 44

protein that provides all of the essential amino acids in the amount the body needs and is easy to digest and absorb. also known as a complete protein

Answer 44

high quality protein

Question 45

metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine that is synthesized in the human body. used as a supplement to increase muscle mass and decrease muscle breakdown

Answer 45

HMB beta hydroxy beta methylbutyrate

Question 46

loss of significant amounts of potassium, resulting in weakness, fatigue, constipation, and muscle cramping

Answer 46

hypokalemia

Question 47

loss of significant amounts of sodium, resulting in body water level increase

Answer 47

hyponatremia

Question 48

food that does not contain all of the essential amino acids in the amount needed by the body

Answer 48

incomplete protein

Question 49

water lost through mild daily sweating and exhalation of air humidified by lungs, as well as other minor water losses such as secretions from the eyes

Answer 49

insensible water loss

Question 50

two molecules, acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate, that are synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA

Answer 50

ketone bodies

Question 51

a unit of energy equal to 1000 calories. it is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a kg or L of water by 1 deg C.

Answer 51

kilocalorie

Question 52

central metabolic pathway in all aerobic organisms. the cycle is a series of eight reactions (2 C acetate -> CO2) that occur in the mitochondrion.

Answer 52

krebs cycle

Question 53

a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that occurs when oxygen delivery to the working muscles cannot meet the demands of the tissue

Answer 53

lactate

Question 54

a sugar present in milk that is composed of glucose and galactose

Answer 54

lactose

Question 55

a group of compounds that includes triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, and sterols

Answer 55

lipids

Question 56

the metabolic pathway responsible for formation of fat

Answer 56

lipogenesis

Question 57

the molecule that carries lipids throughout the body and delivers cholesterol that can accumulate on artery walls

Answer 57

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 58

nutrients that provide calories

Answer 58

macronutrients

Question 59

sugar produced in the breakdown of starch, rare in our food supply

Answer 59

maltose

Question 60

a series of chemical steps or reactions that either break down or build up compounds in the body

Answer 60

metabolic pathway

Question 61

all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body for life. how nutrients are acquired,transported,used,disposed of.

Answer 61

metabolism

Question 62

an alkyl derived from methane that has one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms

Answer 62

methyl group (CH3)

Question 63

organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that contain genetic material and enzymes necessary for cell metabolism, converting food to energy

Answer 63

mitochondria

Question 64

coenzyme found in all living cells that is a carrier in the electron transport chain

Answer 64

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

Question 65

amino acids produced by body

Answer 65

nonessential amino acids

Question 66

nutrient content of food relative to calories

Answer 66

nutrient density

Question 67

fatty acids that have anti inflammatory effects and help to decrease blood clotting

Answer 67

omega 3 fatty acids

Question 68

fatty acids that promote blood clotting and cell membrane formation

Answer 68

omega 6 fatty acids

Question 69

a crystalline organic compound that is a metabolic intermediate in many metabolic processes

Answer 69

oxaloacetate (OAA)

Question 70

type of lipid in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phospbate froup and one of several nitrogen containing molecules

Answer 70

phospholipid

Question 71

biologically active compounds found in plants

Answer 71

phytochemicals

Question 72

fatty acids that have several spots where hydrogens are missing.

Answer 72

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 73

long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. serve several essential functional roles in the body

Answer 73

protein

Question 74

an anabolic process that results in the building of muscle

Answer 74

protein synthesis

Question 75

byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis that is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways

Answer 75

pyruvate

Question 76

estimated amount of a nutrient per day considered necessary for good health

Answer 76

recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

Question 77

a chain of carbons that is saturated with all of the hydrogens that it can hold, no double bonds.

Answer 77

saturated fat

Question 78

a carbohydrate with fewer than 10 carbon/water units. glucose, sucrose, lactose, galactose, maltose, fructose

Answer 78

simple carbohydrate

Question 79

subgroup of steroids and an important class of organic molecules

Answer 79

sterols

Question 80

table sugar, made up of glucose and fructose

Answer 80

sucrose

Question 81

highest level of a nutrient per day that is unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects

Answer 81

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

Question 82

the degree to which a substance can cause damage to an organism

Answer 82

toxicity

Question 83

another term for Krebs cycle. citric acid cycle.

Answer 83

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Question 84

the chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body

Answer 84

triglyceride

Question 85

fatty acids that have areas that are not completely saturated with hydrogens, and have double bonds where hydrogen is missing

Answer 85

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 86

a mixture of globular proteins isolated from whey, the liquid material created as a byproduct from cheese production

Answer 86

whey protein

Question 87

dietary supplement obtained by removal of sufficient nonprotein constituents from pasteurized whey

Answer 87

whey protein concentrate (WPC)

Question 88

dietary supplement obtained by separating components from milk

Answer 88

whey protein isolate (WPI)