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APK 2105 Exam 2 > Chapter 5: Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Chemical Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

Type of muscles that use direct communication through gap junctions

A

Cardiac & Smooth

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2
Q

Most common type of communication between secretory and target cells

A

Chemical messenger

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3
Q

Functional class of chemical messengers that are molecules locally produced and released

A

Cytokines

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4
Q

Functional class of chemical messengers that may act as a hormone, NT, or both

A

Neurohormones

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5
Q

Component of the Cytokine functional class of chemical messengers that contain growth and clotting factors

A

Paracrine

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6
Q

specific form of cell-cell communication in which a secretory cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby/target cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells

A

Paracrines

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7
Q

type of chemical messenger that transmits signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (presynaptic) to another “target” neuron (postsynaptic), muscle cell, or gland cell.

A

Neurotransmitters (NT)

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8
Q

chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions

A

Hormones

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9
Q

What chemical property allows Testosterone and Prostaglandins to bind to receptors inside the cell?

A

Lipophilic

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10
Q

molecule that binds to a receptor

A

ligand

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11
Q

Paracrine ligands move by?

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

Hormone ligands move by?

A

Blood transport

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13
Q

How do hydrophilic messengers work?

A
  1. Endocrine cell secretes messenger by exocytosis
  2. Messengers dissolve into the blood vessel quickly
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14
Q

How do hydrophobic messengers operate?

A
  1. Endocrine Cell secretes by diffusion
  2. Binds to carrier proteins in the blood
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15
Q

time for a chemical to decrease concentration in half

A

messenger half-life

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16
Q

type of messengers that have a relative short life & example

A

dissolved in plasma

Insulin <10 min

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17
Q

type of messengers that have a relative long half-life & example

A

bound to plasma protein

Cortisol 1/2 life = 90 min

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18
Q

Process of producing response in target cell

A

Signal Transduction

19
Q

Signal Transduction steps? (2)

A
  1. Messenger binds to receptor
  2. Binding results in a response
20
Q

4 Components of Signal Transduction

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Brief & reversible binding
  3. Affinity- strength of binding
  4. Location
    1. Lipophobic ligands- cell membrane
    2. Lipophilic ligands- within cell
21
Q

Strength of a target response depends on (3)

A
  1. Concentration of messenger (ligand)
  2. # of receptors/target cell
  3. Receptor affinity for messenger
22
Q

Process by which the receptor number decreases on the target

May result from?

Effect on messenger?

A

Down-regulation

May result from excess messenger

Sensitivity to messenger decreases & Tolerance to messenger develops

23
Q

Process by which the receptor number increases on the target cell

May result from?

Effects?

A

Up-regulation

May result from too little messenger

Sensitivity to messenger increases

24
Q

chemical which binds to the receptor and mimics the normal response

A

agonist

25
Q

chemical which binds to the receptor but does not result in a response; competes w/ the normal ligand and creates an opposite response

A

antagonist

26
Q

2 mechanisms of signal transduction

A

Intracellular-mediated responses

Membrane-bound receptor-mediated responses

27
Q

Name the 3 types of Membrane-bound receptor-mediated responses

A

Channel-linked receptor

Enzyme-linked receptor

G protein-linked receptor

28
Q

Intracellular-mediated responses occur everywhere except?

A

Thyroid

29
Q

5 Steps of Intracellular-Mediated Response of Signal Transduction

A
  1. Lipophillic messenger diffuses into cell
  2. Messenger enters nucleus and binds to a nuclear receptor
    1. Messenger binds to cytoplasmic receptor and enters nucleus
  3. Becomes a Hormone-receptor complex and attaches to DNA as Hormone Response Element (HRE)
  4. Produces mRNA
  5. Exits the nucleus to create ribosomes
  6. Final products are proteins
30
Q

2 ways membrane-bound receptors respond to the target?

A

Movement of Ions

Phosphorylation of enzymes

31
Q

Type of membrane-bound receptor-mediated response involving fast-ligand gated channels

A

Channel-Linked Receptors

32
Q

When calcium enters the cell through an open channel, what occurs when it activates Calmodulin?

A

It activates a 2nd messenger Ca-Calmodulin –> activates enzymes –> Protein Kinase –> protein-P –> creates a response in the cell such as muscle contraction, altered metabolism/transport

33
Q

How does an enzyme-linked receptor, such as Insulin, create a response in a cell?

A
  1. Messenger binds to an inactive Tyrosine kinase receptor
  2. Activating the tyrosine kinase receptor
  3. Addition of ATP to protein-Tyr –> protein-Tyr-P +ADP
  4. Creates a response in the cell such as alter metabolism/regulate protein synthesis
34
Q

Type of membrane-bound receptor-mediated protein that involves slow ligand-gated channels

A

G protein-linked receptors

35
Q

How does a G protein-linked receptor change electrical properties of a cell?

A
  1. Messenger binds to a receptor containing G protein (alpha+GDP,beta,gamma)
  2. GTP replaces GDP on alpha subunit
  3. alpha subunit+GTP separate from receptor & bind to slow- ligand-gated channel to allow ions to move in & out of cell
  4. Produces a change in electrical properties of the cell
36
Q

What do G protein-linked receptors chemically activate?

A

Second Messengers

37
Q

What is another name for a Second Messenger and how does it function?

A

Intracellular Messenger

1st messenger is triggered –> activates the G protein –> activates amplifier enzyme–> activates 2nd messenger production

38
Q

How do 2nd Messenger Systems, cAMP, function?

A
  1. Messenger binds to a receptor containing G protein (alpha+GDP,beta,gamma)
  2. GTP replaces GDP on alpha subunit
  3. alpha subunit+GTP separate from receptor & bind to Adenylate Cyclase
  4. ATP replaces cAMP to activate PKA
  5. Protein+ATP replaces Protein+P+ADP
  6. Produces a response in the cell
39
Q

What systems are responsible for long-distance communication?

A

Neural & Endocrine Systems

40
Q

An endocrine target cell secretes ________ that enters the blood and spans a distance to the target

A

An endocrine target cell secretes hormone that enters the blood and spans a distance to the target

41
Q

Type of cell that transmits signals

A

nerve cells

42
Q

What is the difference between signal transmission via axons and via synapse?

A

Axons transmit signals within a neuron

Synapse provides a space for signal transmission between cells

43
Q

signals of axon?

A

action potential

APK 2105 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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