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APK 2105 Exam 2 > Chapter 21: Regulation of Metabolism & Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Regulation of Metabolism & Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism, its 2 forms and examples of each?

A

Sum total of all cellular activities in the body

  1. Anabolism: energy storage, tissue building
    1. Insulin, Sex steroids, Growth Hormone, Thyroxine
  2. Catabolism: liberation of energy, tissue/substrate breakdown
    1. Glucagon, epinephrine, glucocorticoids, Growth Hormone, Thyroxine
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2
Q

3 biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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3
Q

Label the biomolecular pathway:

A
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4
Q

Label the biomolecular pathway:

A
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5
Q

How are lipids transported to cells?

A

In the blood

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6
Q

lipoprotein particles that transfer dietary lipids?

structure they come from and where are they delivered?

A

chylomicrons

GI Tract –> Liver, adipose tissue & other cells

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7
Q

type of lipoprotein that allows lipid transfer from liver –> body cells

A

Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

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8
Q

where is the lipoprotein lipase located?

A

inner surface of capillaries

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9
Q

2 components of Triglycerides

A

Monoglyceride & 2 Fatty Acids

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10
Q

What mechanism allows FAs to enter the cell?

A

Diffusion

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11
Q

Where do Monoglycerides go for further metabolism?

A

Liver

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12
Q

Summary of Biomolecules:

A
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13
Q

What is the distribution of energy?

2 components of energy (include %’s)

A

Energy Input = Energy Output

Heat (60%) + Work (40%)

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14
Q

3 forms of work

A

Mechanical, Chemical, Transport

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15
Q

system that regulates the energy balance

A

Endocrine System

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

energy expended per unit time

A

Metabolic Rate

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18
Q

rate of energy expenditure of a person awake, resting, lying down & fasted for 12 hours

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

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19
Q

What does BMS represent?

Effect with increasing activity?

A

minimum energy expenditure necessary to maintain body functions; increases with increasing activity

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20
Q

Is energy balance continuous?

Frequency of energy input?

A

No

Energy input is intermittent

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21
Q

Absorptive State

A

3-4 hours following a meal; nutrients in the bloodstream are plentiful from absorption

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22
Q

Postabsorptive State

A

between meals; energy stores must be mobilized

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23
Q

Absorptive State:

  • Energy input >/< output as nutrients are absorbed
  • Primary energy source for cell?
  • What happens to excess nutrients taken up?
A

Absorptive State:

  • Energy input > output as nutrients are absorbed
  • Primary energy source for cell = glucose
  • Excess nutrients taken up will be stored
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24
Q

In the absorptive state, the where is glycogen and triglycerides stored?

A

Glycogen Storage = Liver and Muscle

Triglyceride Storage = Adipose Tissue

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25
Q

Postabsorptive State:

  • Energy input >/ output?
  • Where does glucose go and why?
  • What occurs with stored nutrients?
A

Postabsorptive State:

  • Energy input output?
  • Glucose is spared for the nervous system as other tissues use FAs or other sources for energy
  • Stored nutrients are broken down and mobilized
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26
Q

Absorptive State Reaction:

3 Physiological responses in the blood after the absroption of small nutrients?

A
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27
Q

Absorptive State Reactions:

Where will glucose be distributed/in what forms?

A

Glucose Distribution in Absorptive State Reactions

  • Most body cells –> CO2 + H2O + energy
  • Liver & Muscle as glycogen
  • Liver and adipose tissue as triglycerides (glycerol & FAs)
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28
Q

Absorptive State Reactions:

Where will FAs be distributed/in what forms?

A

After absorption of small nutrients in the blood, FAs will be distributed to the liver and adipose tissues as triglycerides (Glycerol and FAs)

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29
Q

Absorptive State Reactions:

Where will Amino Acids be distributed/in what forms?

A

Amino Acid Distribution in Absorptive State Reactions:

  • Liver as FAs
  • Muscle & other cells as proteins
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30
Q

Amount of glycogen storage in the liver and muscles

A

500g

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31
Q

Amount of triglyceride stored in adipose tissue

A

unlimited

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32
Q

In the Postabsorptive state, what is the initial stimulus and location of physiological responses (6)?

A

In the postabsorptive state, macromolecules are stored in the

  • Muscles and other cells
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Liver
  • Blood
  • Nervous & Non-Nervous Tissue
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33
Q

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

When stored molecules get distributed into muscle and other cells, what is the form of its physiological response?

Result?

A

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

Physiological Response: Proteins –> AA

Result: AA in the blood and increase in CO2 + NH3 + H2O + energy in non-nervous tissue

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34
Q

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

When stored molecules get distributed into Adipose Tissue, what is the initial physiological response?

Resulting response?

A

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

Physiological Response: Triglycerides (FAs & glycerol)

Resulting Response: Increased FAs in the blood, Ketones in the liver & blood, and increase in CO2 + NH3 + H2O + energy in non-nervous tissue

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35
Q

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

When stored molecules get distributed into the Liver, what is the physiological and resulting response?

A

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

Physiological Response: Glycogen –> Glucose

Result: increased glucose in the blood & increased CO2 + H2O + energy in nervous tissue

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36
Q

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

When stored molecules get distributed into the Muscle, what is the physiological and resulting response?

A

Postabsorptive State Reaction:

Physiological response: Glycogen –> lactate & pyruvate

Resulting Response: glucose in the liver, increased glucose in the blood, and increased CO2 + H2O + energy in nervous tissue

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37
Q

General role of insulin in metabolism

A

absorptive state

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38
Q

General role of glucagon in metabolism

A

Postabsorptive state

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39
Q

How does insulin and glucagon stabilize blood glucose levels?

A

Negative feedback control

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40
Q
A
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41
Q
  • Insulin secretion increases during _________ state
  • What increases in plasma?
  • Nervous system involved?
  • Peptide involved?
A
  • Insulin secretion increases during absorptive state
  • Glucose & [AA] increases in plasma
  • Parasympathetic NS
  • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
42
Q
  • Insulin secretion decreases during ________ state
  • NS involved?
  • Hormone involved?
A
  • Insulin secretion decreases during postabsorptive state
  • Sympathetic NS
  • Epinephrine
43
Q

Actions of insulin:

Increased insulin secretion in beta cells in the pancreas affect what body systems (4)?

A

Actions of insulin:

Increased insulin secretion in beta cells in the pancreas affect

  • Most tissues
  • Adipose tissue
  • Liver & Muscle
  • Muscle
44
Q

Affect of increased insulin secretion in most tissues?

A
  • Increased glucose uptake (except brain, liver, exercising muscle)
  • Increased AA uptake
  • Increased protein synthesis
  • Decreased protein breakdown
45
Q

Affects of increased insulin secretion in Adipose Tissue:

A
  • Increased FA & triglyceride synthesis
  • Decreased lipolysis
46
Q

Affects of increased insulin secretion in liver and muscle:

A
  • Increased glycogen synthesis
  • Decreased glycogenolysis
47
Q

Affects of increased insulin secretion in the liver:

A
  • Increased FA & triglyceride synthesis
  • Decreased gluconeogenesis
48
Q

Glucagon:

A
49
Q

Glucagon Secretion increases during __________ state.

NS?

Hormone?

A

Glucagon Secretion increases during postabsorptive state.

Sympathetic NS

Epinephrine

50
Q

Glucagon secretion decreases during ________ state.

What increases in the plasma?

A

Glucagon secretion decreases during absorptive state.

Glucose increases in the plasma

51
Q

Increased glucagon in alpha cells in the pancreas affect what systems (2)?

A

Liver & Adipose tissue

52
Q

Affects of increased glucagon secretion in the liver:

A
  • Increased glycogenolysis
  • Decreased glycogen synthesis
  • Increased gluconeogenesis
  • Increased Ketone synthesis
  • Increased protein breakdown
  • Decreased protein synthesis
53
Q

Affects of increased glucagon secretion in adipose tissue:

A
  • Increased lipolysis
  • Decreased triglyceride synthesis
54
Q

Regulation of blood glucose levels:

Normal:

Hyperglycemia:

Hypoglycemia:

A

Regulation of blood glucose levels:

Normal: 70-100 mg/dL

Hyperglycemia: glucose > 140 mg/dL

Hypoglycemia: glucose < 60 mg/dL

55
Q

What maintains blood glucose levels?

A

The actions of insulin and glucagon

56
Q

Glucose Regulation via Insulin:

What increases insulin secretion in beta cells in the pancreas?

A

Glucose Regulation via Insulin:

Increased plasma glucose

57
Q

Glucose Regulation via Insulin:

Affect what body systems (3)?

A

Glucose Regulation via Insulin:

Affects Most tissues, liver & muscle, liver

58
Q

The affects of glucose regulation via insulin in most tissues:

A

Increased glucose uptake into cells

59
Q

The affects of glucose regulation via insulin in the liver and muscle:

A
  • Increased glycogen synthesis
  • Decreased Glycogenolysis
60
Q

Affects of glucose regualtion via insulin in the liver:

A

Decreased gluconeogenesis

61
Q

Final result of glucose regulation via insulin?

A

Decreased plasma glucose and negative feedback

62
Q

Glucose Regulation via Glucagon:

Effect of decreased plasma glucose on glucagon secretion in alpha cells in the pancreas?

A

Glucose Regulation via Glucagon:

Decreased plasma glucose increases glucagon secretion in alpha cells in the pancreas

63
Q

Glucose Regulation via Glucagon:

Affects what 2 body systems?

A

Glucose Regulation via Glucagon:

Affects the liver and adipose tissue

64
Q

Affects of Glucose Regulation via Glucagon in the liver:

A

Increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis = increased plasma glucose, forming negative feedback

65
Q

Affects of glucose regualtion via insulin in adipose tissue and the final result:

A

Increased lipolysis in adipose tissue –> increased plasma FAs to result in the spread of glucose

66
Q

Characteristics of high protein, low carbohydrate diet/meal

A

Increased blood AA

67
Q

Affects of increased blood AA on insulin and glucagon?

A

Increased insulin and gucagon

68
Q

Subsequent steps for increased blood AAs and the increase in insulin release?

A

increases in AA uptake and glucose uptake (dangerous if carb intake is low)

69
Q

Increased blood AA results in increased glucagon release resulting in?

A

Seemingly counterproductivity

low carb diet = low blood glucose

More glucagon stimulated by AAs; counteracts insulin effect to serve to maintain proper blood glucose levels

70
Q

condition of impaired energy metabolism due to insulin deficiency or deficient insulin response

A

Diabetus Mellitus

71
Q

primary sign of diabetus mellitus

major type of each?

A

hyperglycemia

Type 1: Early childhood, insulin production

Type 2: Later in life, insulin response

72
Q

sigmoidal shaped curve that encompasses the the postnatal and pubertal growth spurts labeled by the percentage of total growth & age of individuals

A
73
Q

2 step processes of growth?

List

A
  1. Stimulators
    1. ​GH, Somatomedins (insulin-like Growth factors), Insulin, Thyroid hormones, sex hormones
  2. Growth
    1. ​# of cells, size of some cells, bone length/thickness
74
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

What major structure controls the actions of GH?

A

Hypothalamus

75
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Initial stimuli in the hypothalamus activates what response and where?

A

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Initial increase in GHRH and decrease in GHIH (somatostatin secretion) activates increased GH secretion in the Anterior Pituitary

76
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

What activates the short loop negative feedback and to where?

A

Increased GH secretion in the anterior pituitary stimulates a short loop negative feedback to the Hypothalamus.

77
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Increased GH secretion activates what 4 structures?

A

Liver, many tissue, adipose tissue, & muscle

78
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Response in the liver that activates long loop feedback, to where?

Final result?

A

Increase in insulin-like growth factor secretion activates long loop negative feedback to the Anterior Pituitary or Hypothalamus.

Final Result of Liver: activation of many tissues to increase cell division & other growth promoting events

79
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Effect of increased secretion in many tissues:

A

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

  • Incease* in protein synthesis
  • Increase* in insulin-like factor secretion
80
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Effect of increased secretions in Adipose Tissue:

A

Decrease in glucose uptake

Increase in lipolysis

81
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Affect secretions have on muscle:

A

Decreased glucose uptake

Increase AA uptake

82
Q

Actions of Growth Hormone (GH):

Overall result of secretions on many tissues, adipose tissue and muscle:

A

Provide energy and substrates for growth

83
Q

calcification

A

depositing of calcium phosphate to allow osteoblasts form osteoid

84
Q

cell that makes bone through calcification

A

osteoblasts

85
Q

term for bone?

A

osteoid

86
Q

cell that resorbs bone through secretionof acid an enzymes

A

osteoclasts

87
Q

cell that maintains a surrounding osteoid

A

osteocyte

88
Q

bone growth formation of cells?

A

osteoblasts –> osteocyte

89
Q

dwarfism, gigantism & acromegaly (

A

dwarfism: decreased GH secretion in children
gigantism: increased GH secretion in children
acromegaly: increased GH secretion in adults

“square jaw effect”: thickening of GH, due to excess uptake by body builders

90
Q

Other hormone affecting growth, required for the synthesis of GH * permissive for GH actions

A

thryoid hormone

91
Q

Other hormone affecting growth, permissive for GH actions

A

insulin

92
Q

Other hormone affecting growth: little role in childhood growth, important for pubertal growth spurt, actively promotes growth during puberty

A

Sex hormones

93
Q

Other hormone that inhibits growth; example when taken

A

Glucocorticoids; taken exogenously to decrease chances of new organ rejection in surgery

94
Q

location of thyroxine production

A

thyroid follicles

95
Q

active & inactive form of thyroxine

A

triiodothyronine: active, storage form
tetraiodothyronine: inactive, carrier form

96
Q

7 Step Synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones

A
97
Q

Secretion of Thyroid Hormones:

Location and initial stimulus?

Location & initial physiological response?

Location & next cascade of physiological responses due to specific hormone release?

A

Secretion of Thyroid Hormones:

  1. Increased TRH secretion in Hypothalamus
  2. Stimulates increased TSH secretion in Anterior Pituitary
  3. Stimulates increased T3 and T4 secretion in the Thyroid Gland
    1. Final Result: T3 stimulates increased T3 in plasma
    2. T4 stimulates increased T4 in plasma
      1. T4 stimulates Liver, kidneys, & other target cells to produce T3
      2. Final Result: T3 stimulates increased T3 in plasma
98
Q

Secretion of Cortisol:

Describe the initial stimuli, 2 physiological responses and locations and location/final result

A
  1. Initial stimuli: stress and circadian rhythm
  2. Increased CRH secretion in the Hypothalamus
  3. Increased ACTH secretion in the anterior pituitary
  4. Final Result: Increased cortisol secretion in the Adrenal Cortex (negative feedback to Anterior Pituitary or hypothalamus)
99
Q

2 functions of the Stress hormone

A
  • Mobilizes energy stores
  • Suppresses immune response
100
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome?

Functions?

A

Response to Stress- Flight or Flight

  • Increased* cortisol secretion
  • Increased* sympathetic activity
  • Increased* epinephrine secretion
  • Increased* ADH release
  • Increased* angiotensin 2 production

Mobilize energy stores & maintain blood pressure

APK 2105 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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