Chapter 5 - Cardiovascular system Flashcards
endocardium
inner layer of heart, which is very smooth and lines chambers of heart
myocardium
middle layer of muscle; thick and composed of cardiac muscle; layer produces heart contraction
epicardium
outer layer of heart; forms part of pericardium
atria
two upper chambers of heart; left atrium receives blood returning from lungs, and right atrium receives blood returning from body
ventricles
two lower chambers of heart that receive blood from atria and pump it back out of heart; left ventricle pumps blood to body, and right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
interatrial septum
wall or septum that divides left and right atria
interventricular septum
wall or septum that divides left and right ventricles
tricuspid valve (av valve)
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle
pulmonary valve
semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery in heart; prevents blood from flowing backwards into ventricle
mitral valve (bicuspid)
blood flows through this valve and cannot go back up into the left atrium
aortic valve
semilunar valve between left ventricle of heart and aorta in heart; prevents blood from flowing backwards into ventricle
blood vessel: arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from heart
blood vessel: capillaries
smallest blood or lymphatic vessels; blood capillaries are very thin to allow gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between blood and tissues
blood vessel: Veins
blood vessels of cardiovascular system that carry blood toward heart
angiitis
inflammation of vessels
angiospasm
involuntary muscle contraction of a vessel
angiostenosis
narrowing of a vessel
embolus
obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that moves from another area
infarct
area of tissue within organ that undergoes necrosis (death) following loss of blood supply
ischemia
localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to obstruction of circulation
murmur
abnormal heart sound as soft blowing sound or harsh click; may be soft and heard only with a stethoscope, or so loud it can be heard several feet away; also called a bruit
orthostatic hypotension
sudden drop in blood pressure person experiences when standing up suddenly
palpitations
pounding, racing heartbeat
plaque
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in artery
regurgitation
to flow backwards
thrombus
blood clot
angina pectoris
severe chest pain with sensation of constriction around heart; caused by a deficiency of oxygen to heart muscle
cardiac arrest
complete stopping of heart activity
cardiac tamponade
pressure on heart as a result of fluid buildup
cardiomegaly
abnormally enlarged heart
cardiomyopathy
general term for disease of myocardium that may be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure
congenital septal defect
defect, present at birth, in wall separating two chambers of heart; results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood being carried to surrounding tissues
congestive heart failure (CHF)
condition of heart in which there is reduced outflow of blood from left side of heart
coronary artery disease (CAD)
insufficient blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of one or more coronary arteries
endocarditis
inflammation of inner lining layer of heart
heart valve prolapse
cusps or flaps of heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backwards
heart valve stenosis
cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff; therefore, they are unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through, or to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backwards
myocardial infarction (MI)
condition caused by partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of coronary arteries (heart attack)
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle
pericarditis
inflammatory process or disease of pericardium
valvulitis
inflammation of valve
bundle branch block (BBB)
occurs when electrical impulse is blocked from travelling down bundle of His or bundle branches
bradycardia
slow heart rate; less than 60 bpm
flutter
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in regular pattern
tachycardia
fast heart rate; more than 100 bpm
aneurysm
weakness in wall of artery that results in localized widening of artery
arteriorrhexis
ruptured artery
arteriosclerosis
condition with thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of walls of arteries
atheroma
tumor-like collection of fatty substances
atherosclerosis
caused by formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol buildup on inner walls of arteries
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
hemorrhoid
varicose veins in rectum
hypertension
high blood pressure
hypotension
low blood pressure
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
polyarteritis
inflammation of many arteries
varicose veins
swollen and distended veins, usually in legs
auscultation
listening to sounds within body by using stethoscope
cardiac biomarkers
lab test to determine level of proteins specific to heart muscle in blood.
serum lipoprotein level
laboratory test to measure amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood
angiogram
record of a vessel
angiography
process of taking X-ray of blood or lymphatic vessels after injection of a radiopaque substance
echocardiography
noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures
catheter
flexible tube inserted into body for purpose of moving fluids into or out of body; in cardiovascular system used to place dye into blood vessels so they may be visualized on X-rays; in urinary system used to drain urine from bladder
electrocardiogram
record of electrical activity of heart
electrocardiography
process of recording electrical activity of heart
holter monitor
portable ECG monitor worn by patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess heart and pulse activity as person goes through activities of daily living
stress testing
method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness; patient is placed on treadmill or bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work; EKG and oxygen levels are taken while patient exercises
