Chapter 5 b- recognition responses Flashcards
what are cytokines?
low molcular weight proetins that work as messengers of the immune system
what is included in a cytokine?
interleukins - secreted by leukocytes and act on other leukocytes
Monokines
Lymphokines
chemokines - related but manage cell migration
what happens when a stimulus is induced?
indcuing stimulus - cytokine relase - chemokine receptor - Target cella ctiavtion
What are the three ways cytokines act?
autocrine - act on self
paracrine - release cytokines that go and bind a receptor directly (most common)
endocrine - release cytokines that go through circulation and then travel to a receptor
there are 5 properties of chemokine what are they?
Pleiotrophy
redundancy
synergy
Antagonism - some receptors have different affinity then others
Cascade indcution
what is the IL-2R definceny?
a x-li nked severe combined immunodefinceny
IL-2R is essential for activation of T cells
no T cells and no NKC
this is an example of redundancy
cytokine receptors communicate with the nucleus via a signal transduction pathway to change gene expression and influence cell fate and activity. Describ the key proteins in this pathway
activation of JAK (Janus Kinase) family tyrosine kinases, phosphoryaltion of recpetor
Tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT (signal transduction activator of transcription) by JAK kinase
leades to specific gene transcription
Pyrogen (fever causing) cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, TNF - alpha
pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IFN - gamma, TNF - alpha
anti-inflammatory cytokine
TGF- beta
anti-viral cytokines
IFK-gamma, IFN-alpha/beta
Chemokines
IL-8 attarct neutrophils
MIP-1alpha and MIP-1bata attarct monocytes and NK cells
explain the process of extrvasation
chemokines contorll the process
rolling - naive T cell rolls over surface
Activation - through rolling it binds to the chemokine and actiavtion occurs meaning integrings are relases
arrest/ ahesion - integrings are key for adhesion
laslty transendothial migration occurs
chemokine vs cytokine
chemokine - cell migrate and a subset with in cytokine
cytokine
cytokine are abel to upregulated chemokine receptos what does this cause ?
regulates cells ability to enter tissues
what is the objective of anti-inflammatory drugs?
block extravasation
what are some anti-inflammatory drugs?
antibody-based therapies
corticosteroids
how does antibody - based therpay work? and examples.
they bind integrin or other ahdesion molecules
used for kideny trasnplants
autoimmune dissease: crohns, MS, rheumatoid arteritus
how do corticosteroids work?
a more borad approch
interacte with steroid hormone
decrease lymphocyte circulating
lymphotcte lysis
inhibtis almost all cytokine production/secretion (NF-kappa beta)
inhibits T cell, macrophages, and neutrophil activation
cytokine also regulate hematopoeis, what is used to trest chemotherpy and bone marrow recipient patients
G-CSF, GM-CSF used to promote neutrophil actovtion in the myeloid pathway from granolycytes progenitor
What is Septic shock/ sepsis
endotoxins produced by gram-negative bacteria stimulate DC and macrophages via TLRs to overproduce IL-2 and TNF-alpha
superantigens
leading to ischmia(lack of blood flow) and sterile inflammation
too much inflammation as too many cytokines are releses
how do we neurtalize TNF-alpha and IL-2
TNF-alpha neutralized via antibody
IL-a is neutraluzed with soluble IL-1(IL-1Ra)
what is a cytokine storm
occurs in healthy individuals when immune systems are activated with not enough breaks
over activation of the immune system
for diseases like influenza, SARS, COVID-19
what are some cytokine related diseases?
spesis/ septic shock
cytokine strom
cancers
autoimmunity and other immune based disease
