Chapter 2

Question 1

Antibodies are highly specific and highly sensitive

Answer 1

• can be generated with with highly specfic epitopes
• have very high affinities for their antigens

Question 2

Making Monoclonal antibodies describe the process

Answer 2

when we take out antibodes from an organims they are polyclonal antibodies. To create monoclaonal antibodies we isolate plasma cells from the spleen. These are then hydrized with myeloma cells (cancer cells, that last forever) to produce hydridomas.

Plasma cell - myeloma cell = hydrodoma
Plasma cell - Plasma celll = dies in a few days
Myeloma and me=yeloma cells = problem last forver

Slection of suion process:
the HGPRT enzymes catalyses the slavge pathway in DNA synthese
Myeloma cells have a muttaion in HGPRT so only the de novo synthesis pathway in DNA synthesis can be used

HAT selction - Aminopterin inhibits de novo synthese pathway and since mylemoa cells are fused with plasma cells they undergo the salvage pathway and ultimateky create monoclonal antibodies

Question 3

What are some diagnostic and research tests

Answer 3

Agglutination
ELISA
Lateral flow
Western Blot
Equilibrium analysis
fluorescence microscopy
flow cytometry

Question 4

How does agglutination work?

Answer 4

A certain sample is mixed with agglutination beads coated with a specific antibody or antigen. when in presence of a suspected substance the beads will clump,

where it is mixed with latex beads coated with a specific antibody or antigen. If the suspected substance is present, the latex beads will clump together (agglutinate). Latex agglutination results take about 15 minutes to an hour.

Question 5

How does hemagglutination inhibiton work?

Answer 5

when a antigen is present the antigen and antibody will form a lattice

when the antibody is not present the antigen will clumo with red blood cells and form a bottom on the base of the U-bottom plate

Question 6

what does the disappearance of the button in a hemagglutination inhibition assay indicate?

Answer 6

decreased levels of anti-viral antibodies

Question 7

as we increase the plasma concentration what happens to agglutination and lattice formation?

Answer 7

decrease in lattice formation