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Immunology > chapter 4 - microenvironment > Flashcards

chapter 4 - microenvironment Flashcards

1
Q

why are microenvironments important?

A

because they allow for cells and organs that are highly organized to interact

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2
Q

what is a Stem cells Niche?

A

supportive network of stromal cells in the bone marrow

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3
Q

what is the major site for hematopoiesis in adults?

A

bone marrow of large bones

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4
Q

what is the major site for hematopoiesis in a fetus?

A

Yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros(AGM) region, placenta, liver

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5
Q

Stromal cells provide ____ for HSC ___ and ____

A

support, growth, development

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6
Q

Stromal cells and their functions:
Osteoblasts
Endothelial cells
Reticular cells
Sympathetic cells
Adipocytes

A

Osteoblasts - generate bone and control HSC differentiation

Endothelial cells - line the blood vessel and regualte HSC

Reticular cells - connect bone to blood vessels via long processes (arms)

Sympathetic cells - can control the release of HSC from the bone marrow

Adipocytes - regulatory? Space -filling?

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7
Q

HSC move from ___ to ___ as they mature

A

endosteal niche to the vascular niche

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8
Q

between what structures can mature myeloid and lymphoid cells circulate?

A

between the bone marrow and the secondary organs

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9
Q

where do T cells migrate to mature?

A

thymus

hence why it’s largest at puberty

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10
Q

what are some important cells for thymocyte development

A

cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC)
-allow for positive selection, select for T cells that can interact

medullary thymic epithelial cells(mTEC)
- enable negative selction, remove t cell that interact with self antigens

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11
Q

cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC) function

A

allow for positive selction so that T cells can interact

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12
Q

medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC)

A

allow for negative selction so T cells don’t interact with self

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13
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

thymus

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14
Q

how do immune cells interact with pathogens and become activatexd?

A
  1. leukocytes move to site of infection from circulation
  2. specialized organs trap antigens (spleen, lymph nodes, peyer’s patches)
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15
Q

how are lyhphoid organs connected to the lyphatic sytem?

A

via ducts and nodes

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16
Q

how does lymph move?

A

by movement of surrounding muscles

17
Q

lymph nodes trap what kind of antigen?

A

tissue born antigen

18
Q

spleen traps what kind fo antigen?

A

blood-born antigens

19
Q

what is the lymph node?

A

a highly organised struture
B cells and T cells zones
the follicular dendritic cells maintiant he follicular and genminal centers

20
Q

explain the antigen’s experience

A
  1. Ag enters via the afferenent lympthics
  2. empties into the subcapsular sinus
  3. trapped by the APC, either migrating through the LN or residence
21
Q

explain the T cell’s experince

A
  1. naive T cells enter the LN through the high endotheilal venules (HEV)
  2. Spend 16 to 24 hours in the LN browsing for the antigen on the APC
  3. a) leave via efferent lymphatics if don’t find Ag match

b)if find they find an Ag match they will stay in the node where it proliferates and differentitaes into effector cells(kill or direct the killing)

22
Q

what’s happening in the paracortex (T cell zone) ?

A

the fibroblast/follicular reticular cells(FRC) create processees and conduits to allow T cells to interact with the APC

23
Q

what is the B cell experinec?

A
  1. enter the LN via the HEV
  2. migrate through the paracortex into the follicles
  3. a) leave via efferent lympatics if no match Ag

b)if they encounter an Ag mathc they become actiavted and internalize it

  1. moves to the paracortex to allow full actiavtion by interacting with the T cell
  2. some B cells re-enetr the follicule and establish the germinal center (aka secodnary follicle)
  3. some B cells become plasma cells, reside in the GC or in the bone marrow
24
Q

how long does it take to establish a GC? how long does it take for a GC to be active?

A

4-7 days (LN swell)
3 weeks

25
Q

what is something the follicular dendritic cells do for B cells

A

they provide support for B cells to encounter Ag

26
Q

What are the parts of spleen to know?

A

red pulp
white pulp
follicle

27
Q

what is the red pulp and white pulp of the spleen separated by?

A

marginal zone

28
Q

what is the red pulp?

A

old red blodd cells are removed

29
Q

what is the white pulp?

A

lymphoid -rich region

with the PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheeath)
with the T cells and B cells follicles and GC

30
Q

How does Ag enter the splen and leave the spleen?

A

enters via the splenic artery and exits via the splenic viein

once it enter it encounter the DC marghinal zone whihc traps and processes it. DC migrates to the PALS and activates T cells and Bcells

31
Q

what are MALT regions?

A

Mucosal-associted lymphoid tissue

32
Q

what are Peyer’s patches

A

they trap intestinal antigens

33
Q

helathy mucose is smooth or bumpuy

A

bumpy

34
Q

talk about T cell and B cells as memory cells

A
  • resideu in secodnary lynphoid organs or BM (b cells) - central memory cells
  • can residue to the tissues that originall encountered Ag - tertiary lymphoid tissue
  • microenvironments, stroma

effector cells resdiue in tissue

35
Q

what are the tissue residue macrophages?

A

langerhans cells

Immunology (11 decks)

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