chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the study of immunology?
Studying the immune system
What is the immune system
all the organs and cells that protect you against infectious diseases and abnormal cell growth
What are we fighting against?
Pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites (true vs opportunistic pathogens)
Cancer cells
What’s the difference between true and opportunistic pathogens
True - cause infection in any host cell
Opportunistic - these can cause infection but rarely do in healthy individuals
Where do each of these grow?
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Cancer
Viruses - inside cells
Bacteria - inside or outside cell
Fungi - outside cell
Parasites - outside cell
Cancer - once was your cells however is now an abnormal unregulated growth
What are the two branches of the immune system? and sub-branches?
innate and adaptive system
adaptive system - has cell-mediated and humoral (extracellular)
The innate immunity
what line of defense
prior or after exposure
time?
Memory?
Patterns or molecular differences
first line fo defense
prior to exposure
detects and eliminates within hours
no memory
patterns
Adaptive immunity
prior to or after exposure
time? the immediate or delayed response?
Memory?
after exposure
delayed response
very specifci response
memory response is rapid and more effective
Which type of immunity has a specific and delayed response?
Which has a broad response?
adaptive
innate
what changes it’s DNA when it matures?
Lymphocytes
how are lymphocytes an exception to gene expression?
they have the potential to express trillions of proteins because of gene recombination od V(D)J gene segments
the central dogma
DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) protein
what are some anatomical barriers?
skin, mucosal membranes, acidity, extracellular molecules (enzymes in tears)
what are some cellular defenses?
phagocytes
antimicrobial peptide secretions
pattern recognition receptors
Can you explain the adaptive humoral repsonse?
an antigen binds to a B cell and then a B cell rpodces antibodies to eliminate the antigen
Can you explain the cell-mediated response in adaptive immunity?
antigen binds to T cells, one produces more cytokines, whihc then in combinatiion with the antigen work on the T whihc kills the infected cells
describe what the antigen, antibody, and pathogen are
Antigen (Ag)- is a proetin an immune cell can recognize as foreign (epitomes are the specific part of the antigen bound to the antibody)
Anribody (Ab) - specific protein that binds to the antigen and gives proetection
Pathogen - an organism (bacteria, virus, fungi) that can cause disease
what are the phases of the immune response?
recognition and response
What is the role of Antigen Presenting Cells/ what are APC?
APC- dendritic cells, B cells , amcrophages
they are used for recognition purposes and then to activate a response by presenting the antigen to b cells and t cells
in general is the first or second exposure to a virus elicit a faster or slower response?
the first reposnse is more delayed and the second is more rapid
what is meant by the term clonal expanison?
to have an effective reponse numerous cells are needed and this can take time as we undergo clonal expansion
how does memory in the immune system work?
the immune system has memory menaing that the recurrence of the dissease is low or preventable
Describe memory and immunity in relation to small pox
Smallpox - inhalation/ insertion of dried crusts from pustules - 20-60% of infected people died and 80% of children almost all survived with complications
edward jenner- inoculated a boy with cowpox to acheive immunity for samll pox
Louis Pasteur - inoculated with attenuated cholera bacertium (Rabies virus)
How does a vaccine work?
a weakered form of the pathogen is exposed to the immune sytem and allows it to generate memory
