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Klinische Psychologie > Chapter 5: Anxiety > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • negative mood state characterized by physical tension and apprehension about the future
  • subjective sense of unease
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2
Q

What is fear?

A
  • immediate alarm reaction to danger
  • protects us by actvating a massive response from the autonomic nervous system
  • flight-or-fight response
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3
Q

What is panic?

A
  • sudden overwhelming reaction
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4
Q

What is a panic attack?

A
  • abrupt experiences of intense fear or acute discomfort (heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, and possible, dizziness)
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5
Q

Which two types of panic attacks are there?

A
  1. Expected/cued
  2. Unexpected
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6
Q

When do expected panic attacks happen? And for what disorder are they important?

A
  • in certain situations, but not anywhere else (high places),
  • common in specific phobias or
  • social anxiety disorder.
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7
Q

When do unexpected panic attacks happen? And for what disorder are they important?

A
  • happen without knowing when or where they will happen,
  • important in panic disorder
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8
Q

What are causes of anxiety?

A

Triple vulnerability theory:
- generalized biological vulnerability (inherent tendency to be tense)
- generalized psychological vulnerability
- specific psychological veulnerability (early experiences make us more or less vulnerable)

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9
Q

Comorbidity of anxiety

A
  • different anxiety disorders often co-occur.
  • rates of comorbidity of anxiety and depression are high.
  • co-occur with suicide thoughts (20%)
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10
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A
  • excessive anxiety and worry
  • occuring more days than not for at least 6 months
  • about a number of events or activities (focus)
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11
Q

What are the different symptoms for generalited anxiety disorder?
(at least three must be given for more than 6 months - more days than not)

A
  • restlessness or felling keyed up or on edge
  • being easily fatigued
  • difficult concentrating or mind going blank
  • irritability
  • muscle tension
  • sleep disturbances
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12
Q

What can be said about the 12-month prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • 2.3%
  • most common in the group over 45 years old (older poeple)
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13
Q

What can be said about the onset of the generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • most often chronic
  • more gradual (than most other anxiety disorders)
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14
Q

What are causes of the generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • genetic vulnerabilities
  • psychological vulnerabilities
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15
Q

What are four distinct cognitive characteristics of people with GAD?

A
  1. Intolerance of uncertainty
  2. Positive beliefs about worry
  3. Poor problem orientation
  4. Cognitive avoidance
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16
Q

Treatment of GAD

A
  • Bendodiazepines (most often prescribed)
  • Antidepressants (better choice)
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (large treatment effect - continue to improve two years after treatment)
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17
Q

What is the cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) - with generalized anxiety disorder?

A
  • patients evoke the worry process during therapy sessions and confront threatening imags and thoughts head-on
  • learns to use cognitive therapy and other coping techniques to counteract and control worry process.
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18
Q

What is a panic disoder (PD)?

A
  • a disorder where individuals experience severe unexpected attacks (think they are dying)
  • develop anxiety over the possibility of having another panic attack
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19
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A
  • fear and avoidace of situations
  • a person feels unsafe or unable to escape to get out
  • PD is often accompanied by agorophobia.
20
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for a panic disorder?
(a peak within minutes, during which time FOUR (or more) of the following symptoms occur…

A
  • palpitations
  • sweating
  • trembling or shaking
  • sensation of shortness of breath
  • feeling of choking
  • etc.
21
Q

Diagsnotic criteria for agorophobia (marked fear about two or more of the following five situations …)

A
  1. Using public transportations
  2. Being in open spaces
  3. Being in enclosed spaces
  4. Standing in line or being in a crowd
  5. Being outside of the home alone.
22
Q

What can be said regarding the 12-month prevalence of the panic disorder (PD)?

A
  • 2.0 %
  • men: 1.2%
  • women: 2.8%
23
Q

What can be said about the onset - regarding the panic disorder?

A
  • occurs in early adult life
  • unexpected panic attacks begin at or after puberty
24
Q

What are causes of the panic disorder?

A
  • biological and psychological factors and their interaction
  • most people inherent a vulnerability to stress - when confronted with stress-producing events, can develop into something serious.
  • particular situations become associated with internal/external cues that were present during the panic attack (conditioning).
25
Q

Medication - regarding the panic disorder

A
  • SSRIs (indicated drug for panic disorders)
  • benzodiazepnies (works quickly, but dependence)
26
Q

What are some psycological interventions - for panic disorders.

A
  1. Exposure-based treatments
  2. Panic control treatment (PCT)
  3. Also CBT (according to the book?)
27
Q

Panic control treatment (PCT) - for panic disorders

A
  • exposing patients with panic disorder to the cluster of interoceptive sensations that remind them of their panic attacks
  • also receive cognitive therapy
28
Q

Exposure-based treatments - for panic disorders

A
  • useful because many patients are aware of their fear and can think about it rationally but need to be convinced on an emotional level.
  • gradual exposure exercise
29
Q

What is a nocturnal panic?

A
  • people begin to panic when they start sinking into delta sleep
  • they awaken in the midset of an attack.
30
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A
  • an irrational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with an individuals funcitioning .
31
Q

What are the four major subtypes of specific phobias?

A
  1. Animal type
  2. Natural environement
  3. Blood-injury-injection type
  4. Situational type
32
Q

What can be said about the blood-injury-injection phobia?

A
  • runs in families more strongly than any other phobic disorder
  • aberage onset: 9 years
33
Q

What can be said about the situational phobia?

A
  • average onset: 20-25 years
  • runs in families
34
Q

What can be said about the natural environement phobia?

A
  • fear of events occuring in the nature
  • mild to moderate fear can be adaptive
  • average onset: 7 years
  • has to be persistent (at least 6 months)
35
Q

What can be said about the animal phobia?

A
  • become phobic ONLY if severe enough to interfere with an individual’s ability to funtion
36
Q

What is the seperation anxiety disorder

A
  • characterized by child’s unrealistic and persistent worry that somthing will happen when the child separates from family.
  • unique to children
  • fear decreases as the child grows older
37
Q

What can be said about onset and recovery - of specific phobias?

A
  • specific phobias seem to decline with age
  • common, treatbale and well-understood condition.
38
Q

What are causes of specific phobias?

A
  1. A true alarm (traumatic situations)
  2. Vicarious experience (observing someone else experience severe fear)
  3. Information transmission (being told about the danger . enough to develop a phobia)
    - a true phobia requires anxiety over another traumatic event or false alarm
    - inherited tendency to fear situations
39
Q

Treatment of specific phobias

A
  1. Exposure therapy (espose themselves gradually)
  2. Rapid behavioral therapy (treatment in a single session)
  3. Virtual reality exposure therapy
40
Q

What is a social anxiety disoder (SAD)/social phobia?

A
  • marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others
  • the individual fears that he/she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated.
41
Q

What is a subtype of the social anxiety disoder (SAD)?

A
  • performance anciety
42
Q

What can be said about the 12-month prevalence regarding the social anxiety disoder?

A
  • more prevalent in young people
  • 2.8% (prevalance)
43
Q

What is the interpersonal transaction cycle (Causation of SAD)

A
  • people with SAD have biases social perceptions and expectations
  • that lead them to behave in a certain maladaptive ways in social situations.
  • reactions from others likely look back to reinforce the biased social perception.
43
Q

What are psychological interventions with social anxiety disoder?

A
  1. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy programs
  2. Virtual reality technology
  3. New and improved cognitive therapy program
  4. Interpersonal psychotheraphy
43
Q

Theere are three pathways to SAD (causation)

A
  1. inherit a generalized biological vulnerability to develop anxiety
    - a biological tendency to be socially inhibited, or both,
    - when under stress, a person could have anxiety and self-focused attention could increase to the point of disrupting performance, even in the absence of a false alarm (panic attack)
  2. unexpected panic attack in a social situation that would become associated (conditioned) to social cues,
    - individual then becomes anxious about having additional panic attacks in the same or similar social situations (conditioned stimulus).
  3. experience a real social trauma resulting in a true alarm.
    - Anxiety would then develop (be conditioned) in the same or similar social situations
    - and develop biased perceptions about the likelihood that others will treat them similarly in the future.
44
Q

What is selective mutisms (SM)?

A
  • childhood disorder charcaterized by a lack of speech in one or more sttings in which speaking is socially expected
  • driven by social anxiety
  • most occur for more than one month

Klinische Psychologie (7 decks)

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