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Klinische Psychologie > Chapter 1 Abnormal behavior in historical context > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Abnormal behavior in historical context Flashcards

1
Q

What is a psychological dysfunction? (Definition)

A
  • it is a psychological dysfunction within an individual
  • associated with distress or impairment in functioning
  • and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
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2
Q

Psychological dysfunction (as part of the definition of psychological dysfunction)

A
  • breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
  • mild for experienced by most poeple
  • line between functional and dysfunctional is often hard (spectrum)
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3
Q

Person distress or impairment (as part of the definition of psychological dysfunction)

A
  • criterion is satisfied when the individual is extremely upset
  • by itself the criterion does not define upnormal behavior
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4
Q

Atypical or not culturally expected (as part of the definition of psychological dysfunction)

A
  • many people are far from the average in their behavior
  • but few would be considered disordered
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5
Q

Harmful dysfunction (Wakefield, 1992, 1999)

A
  • psychological disorder is caused by a failure of one or more mechanisms to perform their evolved function
  • the dysfunction produces harm or distress
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6
Q

Accepted definition of psychological dysfunction (DSM-5)

A
  • describes beavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions
  • that are unexpected in their cultural context
  • and associated with present distress and impairment functioning
  • or increased risk of suffering, death, pair or impairment
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7
Q

What is the science of psychopathology?

A

the scientific studies of psychological disorders

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8
Q

What do psychiatrists do?

A
  • investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorder
  • often from a biological point of view
  • make diagnosis and offer treatments
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9
Q

What are three functioning as a scientist-practitioner

A
  1. Consumer of science
  2. Evaluater of practice
  3. Creator of science
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10
Q

Consumer of science (evidence-based pratice)

A
  • enhancing the practice
  • use the best treatment procedures
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11
Q

Evaluater of practice (Practice-based evidence)

A
  • determining the effectiveness of the practice
  • evaluate their own assessment
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12
Q

Creator of science

A
  • Conducting research that lead to new procedures useful in practice
  • produce new info
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13
Q

What are the three major categories that compose the study and discussion of psychological disorders?

A
  1. Clinical description
  2. Causation (etiology)
  3. Treatment and outcome
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14
Q

What different patterns or courses of a disorder are there?

A
  1. Chronic course (last a longer time)
  2. Episodic course (recover within a few months)
  3. Time-limited course (disorder will improve without treatment, shot time)
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15
Q

What different onsets are there?

A
  1. Acute onset (begins suddenly)
  2. Insidious onset (develop gradually)
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16
Q

What is the presenting problem?

A

discussed when eg a patient is presented with a scientific problem or set of problems

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17
Q

What is the clinical description?

A

is used to make clear what makes the disorder different from “normal” behavior or from other disorders

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18
Q

What is an important part of the clinical discription?

A
  • to know the typical course of a disorder
  • to know what to expect and how to deal with it
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19
Q

What is a prognosis?

A

the anticipated course

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20
Q

What does etiology has to do with?

A
  • with why a disorder begins (the cause)
  • includes biological, psychological and social dimensions.
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21
Q

Demons and witches (regarding psychological disorders)

A
  • psychological disorders was seen as the work of the devil and witches
  • treatments included exorcism (rituals to get rid of evil spirits)
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22
Q

Stress and melancholy (regarding psychological disosders)

A
  • insanity was a natural phenomenon
  • caused by mental or emotional stress (was curable)
  • treatment: rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment.
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23
Q

Treatment for possession

A
  • possession was seen as involuntary
  • and the possessed individual as blameless
  • treatmen: exorcism, beatings, confinment, dunkings in ice-cold water
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24
Q

The moon and the starts (regarding psychological disorders)

A
  • gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids (cause of mental disorders)
  • no evidence!
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25
Q

The hippocratic-galenic approach - humoral theory of disorders

A

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids:
- blood (from the heart)
- black pile (from the sleen)
- yellow bile/choler (from the liver)
- phlegm (from the brain)

Excess of one or more humors (imbalance) was treated by regulating the enviornment.

26
Q

Two important factors that lead to the biological tradition (19th century)

A
  • syphilis
  • Jon P. Grey
27
Q

What is syphilis?

A
  • sexually transmitted disease
  • caused by bacterial microorganisms entering the brain
  • leads to behavioral and cognitive symptoms (delusion, bizzare behaviors)
28
Q

John P. Grey - who was that?

A
  • influential psychiatrist
  • emphasis on rest, diet, and proper room temperature
  • conditions in the hospital improved under him (became more human)
29
Q

The development of biological treatments

A
  • 1930s: insulin shock therapy
  • 1950s: first severe drugs for psychotic disorders were developed
  • discovery of bendodiazepines
  • 1970s: Benzodiazepnes were among the most widerly prescribed drugs
30
Q

Consequences of the biological tradition

A
  • Through Grey (late 19th century) elimination of interest in treating mental patients (because it was thought to be incurable)
31
Q

Who was Emil Kraepelin?

A
  • one of the first to distinguish among various psychological disorders (each has a different age of onset and time course)
32
Q

what is the moral therapy?

A
  • a strong psychosocial approach
  • treating institutionalized patients as normally as possibel
  • in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction
33
Q

Why did the humane treatment decline?

A
  • individual attention was not always possible (moral therapy worked best with a low number of patients)
  • idea of mid 19th century: mental ilness was incurable
34
Q

Who was Dorothea Dix?

A
  • mental hygiene movement
  • involved in the construction of many asylums
  • worked hard to improve the standards of care
35
Q

What were different schools of thought in the 20th century?

A
  1. Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
  2. Behaviorism (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)
36
Q

What was Animal magnetism (by Mesmer)?

A
  • problems were due to an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms that could become blocked
  • tapped various areas where their animal magnetism was blocked while suggesting strongly they were being cured.
37
Q

What is the catharsis?

A
  • the release of emotional material (that has been unconscious)
38
Q

What are three major facets of the psychoanalytical theory?

A
  1. The structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality sometimes clash with one another
  2. The defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these clashes, or conflicts
  3. The stages of early psychosexual development
    (from which inner conflict can occur)
39
Q

The mind according to Freund has three major parts or functions

A
  1. The id
  2. The ego
  3. The superego
40
Q

What does the id do?

A
  • the id is the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feeling or energies (pleasure principle)
  • Type of thinking: Illogical, emotional and irrational
  • unconscious
41
Q

What does the ego do?

A
  • the part of our mind that ensures that we act realistic
  • operates according to the reality principle
  • thinking styles are characterized by logic and reason
  • mediates conflict between the id and the superego
42
Q

What does the superego do?

A
  • represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and our culture
  • unconscious
43
Q

When are defense mechanisms used?

A
  • ego fights a battle to stay on top of the id and supergo
  • their conflicts produce anxiety that threatens to overwhelm the ego
  • hence, anxiety is a signal that alerst ego to marshal defense mechanims
44
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A
  • unconscious protective processes
  • keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue to coordinate function
45
Q

What is sublimination

A

when some poeple redirect energy from conflict or underlying anxiety into a more constructive outlet such as work
(this process is called …)

46
Q

What are some examples of defense mechanisms?

A
  • denial
  • displacement
  • projection
  • rationalization
  • raction formation
  • repression
  • sublimination
47
Q

What are the five different psychosexual stages (Freund)?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
48
Q

What is fixation (Freund?)

A
  • each psychosexual stage, if not appropriately resolved, can lead to fixation
  • and impact an individual’s personality througout adulthood.
49
Q

what is the Oedipus complex?

A
  • happens in the phallic phase
  • where boys expereince sexual feelings towards their mothers and envy toward their father
  • this leads to anxiety
50
Q

Why is the therapist-patient relationship in the psychoanalytic psychotherapy crucial?

A
  1. Transference (patient’s unconscious feelings, emotions, and attitudes are directed towards the therapist)
  2. Countertransference (therapist’s emotional reactions and responses toward the patient)
51
Q

What forms of the psychoanalytical psychotherpy are in use today (and for what disorder)?

A
  1. Interpersonal therapy (IPT): treatment for depression
  2. Group psychodynamic interpersonal therapy: for eating disorders
52
Q

What is the focus of the humanistic theory?
(Jung and Adler)

A
  • emphasizing the positive aspects of humanity
  • focus on self-actualization and the belief that everyone can reach their highest potential if given the freedom to grow
53
Q

What did Carl Rogers develop?

A
  • person-centered therapy: emphasizing empathy and unconditioned positive regard
54
Q

What did Fritz Perls develop?

A
  • Gestalt therapy (has humanistic elements)
  • focus on the present and creative potentials
55
Q

What is the behavioral model?

A
  • a more scientific approach
  • today referred to as cognitive-behavioral or social learning model
56
Q

What is classical conditioning (by Pavlov)?

A
  • a form of learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
  • an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)
  • over time, a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with the unoconditioned stimulus (UCS) and elicits the conditioned response (CR)
57
Q

Extinction

A
  • when the conditioned response is presented without the unconditioned sitmulued for a long time.
58
Q

What where some techniques - beginning of behavior therapy?

A
  • systematic desensitization, a technique for treating phobias (Joseph Wolpe)
59
Q

What is operant conditioning (Skinner)?

A
  • a type of learning where behavior changes based on its consequences
  • application of operant conditioning (reinforcement and shaping - behavioral therapy)
60
Q

What are three traditions of psychopathology?

A
  • supernatural
  • biological
  • psychological (psychoanalytic and behavioral components)

Klinische Psychologie (7 decks)

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