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Klinische Psychologie > Chapter 2: An integrative approach to psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: An integrative approach to psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

One-dimensional models

A
  • the assumption that psychopathology is caused by physical abnormality or by conitioning
  • attempts to trace the originas of behavior to a single cause
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2
Q

Multidimensional model

A
  • perspective on causality is systematic (world system)
  • any influence contributing to psychological health cannot be considered out of context
  • biology and behavior of the individual, cognitive, emotional, social and cultural environment affect each other
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3
Q

What are genes?

A

very long molecular DNA at various locations on chromosomes within the cell nucleus

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4
Q

The nature of genes - what do we knwo about chromosomes?

A
  • each human has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
  • in each pair one chromosome comes from the father and one from the mother
  • Females have two X chromosomes
  • Males have one X and one Y (from their father)
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5
Q

What is a defective gene?

A
  • something wrong in the ordering of the molecules (might lead to problems)
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6
Q

Dominant gene vs. recessive gene

A
  1. One pair of genes that determines a particular trait.
  2. Must be paired with another recessive gene to influence a trait.
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7
Q

Most of our development and most of our behavior, our personality, and intelligence are …

A

POLYGENIC: influenced by many genes, each contributing only a tiny effect, all of which, may be influenced by the environment.

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8
Q

What is a genome?

A

an individual’s complete set of genes
20.000 - 25.000)

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9
Q

What are two sophisticated procedures that allow to look for patterns of influence across many genes?

A
  1. Quantitative genetics
  2. Molecular genetics
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10
Q

Quantitative genetics

A
  • estimates the effects of genes in explaining individual differences (heritability)
  • without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for which effects
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11
Q

Molecular genetics

A
  • focuses on examining the actual structure and functioning of genes
  • with increasingly advanced technologies (such as DNA microarrays)
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12
Q

What did Eric Kandel (1983) propose?

A
  • proposed that learning may cause changes in the genetic structure of cells,
  • leading to alterations in the brain’s biochemistry and receptor numbers
  • brain is plastic (can change in response to environmental influences)
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13
Q

Psychopathology is explored in the context of gene-environment interactions through two models - which ones?

A
  1. Diasthesis-Stress model
  2. Reciprocal Gene-Environment model
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14
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model (tells us what?)

A
  • Individuals inherit tendencies (diatheses) from multiple genes, making them susceptible to developing certain traits or behaviors
  • Tendencies or vulnerabilities only manifest when exposed to specific environmental stressors.
  • Gene-environment interactions can lead to the development of mental disorders.
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15
Q

What was the study from Caspi et al. (2003) about and what did they find?

A
  • explored gene-environment interactions relation to depression
  • Individuals with two copies of short allele (SS) were more suseptible to depression under stressful life events (childhood maltreatment)
  • than those with the copies of the two long allele (LL)
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16
Q

Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model (What does this model tell us?)

A
  • Genetic endowment may increase the likelihood of experiencing stressful life events.
  • Individuals with a genetic vulnerability to a disorder may exhibit certain personality traits or behaviors that lead them to create environmental risk factors triggering the genetic vulnerability.
  • suggests that genes can influence the environment individuals create for themselves.
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17
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

knowing how the nervous system and, especially, the brain work is central to any understading of our behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes.

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18
Q

The human nervous system includes …

A

the central nervous system (CNS)
- consisting of the brain and the spinal cord,
and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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19
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) do?

A
  • processes information from sense organs and responds accordingly
  • sorting out relevant info from irrelvant stimuli and initiating appropritae reactions
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20
Q

Neurons have a cell body with two types of branches (which two?)

A
  • dendrites
  • axons
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21
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

receive chemical impulses from other nerve cells and then convert them into electrical impulses

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22
Q

What do axons do?

A
  • transmit electricalimpulses to other neurons
    -forming connections to a highly complex network
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23
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

s small space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.

24
Q

In which two parts can the brain be divided into?

A
  1. The brain stem (hinbrain and midbrain)
  2. The forebrain
25
Q

What is the brain stem and what is the function of it?

A
  • is the lower and more ancient part
  • responsible for essential automatic functions like breating and sleeping
26
Q

Which parts does the hinbrain contain?

A
  • the medulla
  • pons
  • cerebellum
27
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain?

A
  • regulation various autonomic activities (breathing, the pumping action of the heart, and digestion)
  • and motor coordination
28
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A
  • coordinates movement with sensory input
  • includes parts of the reticular activation system (RAS) involved in arousal and wakefulness.
29
Q

Of which parts does the forebrain consist?

A
  • the thalamus
  • the hypothalamus
  • lymbic system
  • basal ganglia
30
Q

What do the thalamus and the hypothalamus do?

A

they relay information between the forebrain and lower areas of brain stem, regulating behavior and emotion broadly.

31
Q

What structures does the limbic system inlcude?

A
  • the hippocampus
  • cingulate gyrus
  • septum
  • amygdala
32
Q

Functions of the limbic system …

A
  • play a significant role in emotional experiences, learning and controlling impulses
  • involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger and thirst
33
Q

What structure does the basal ganglia include?

A
  • the caudate
34
Q

In what processes is the basal ganglia involved?

A
  • involved in motor activity
  • may be related to certain psychological disorders (like obsessive-compulsive disorder)
35
Q

What is the largest part of he forebrain - and what are some functions of it?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • responsible for distinctly human qualities such as planning, reasoning and creativity
36
Q

Each hemisphere has which four lobes?

A
  1. Temporal (sound)
  2. Parietal (Touch)
  3. Occipital (Vision)
  4. Frontal (thinking, reasoning, memory and social behavior)
37
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of …

A
  • the somatic nervous system (SNS)
  • the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
38
Q

What does the somatic nervous system (SNS) do?

A

control voluntary movements

39
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) do?

A
  • regulates the cardiovascular system
  • the endocrine system
  • digestion
  • body tempural
    (internal organs)
40
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A
  • releases hormones directly into the bloodstream
  • different glands producing specific hormones
  • related to the immune system
41
Q

What are agonists (1), antagonists (2) and 7inverse agonists (3)

A
  1. substances that increase neurotrasnmitter activity
  2. substances that decrease neurotransmitter activity
  3. produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter.
42
Q

What is a reuptake?

A

after neurotrasmitter is released, it is quickly drawn back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron.

43
Q

What are the most relevant neurotrasmitters to psychopathology? (in to classes)

A
  1. Monoamines - include norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
  2. Aminco acids - include GABA and glutamate
44
Q

What is glutamate?

A
  • an excitatory neurotransmitter that activates many neurons, leading to action
45
Q

What is GABA?

A

an inhibitatory neurotrasmitter that regulates the transmission of information and action potentials.

46
Q

What is learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)?

A
  • poeple may expereince this phenomeneon when faced with uncontrollable stress
  • leading to depression if they beliebe they have no control over their circumstances.
47
Q

What is learned optimism (Martin Seligman)?

A

where people who maintain positive, upbeat attitudes even during stressful times tend to function better psychologically and physically

48
Q

Modelling or observational learning (Albert Bandura)

A
  1. Attention (noticing the models behavior)
  2. Retention (Remembering the models behavior)
  3. Reproduction (reproducing the observed behavior)
49
Q

What is prepared learning?

A
  • genetic endowments influence what we learn
  • demonstrated by the seleective learning of fear/phobias.
50
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

an individuals act is based on past expereinces that they can’t consciously remember

51
Q

What is the Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A
  • focusing on faulty attributions and attitudes associated with learned helplessness and depression
  • by Aaron T. Beck
52
Q

What is the rational-emotive therapy?

A
  • by Ellis
  • focuses directly on the irrational beliefs Ellis thought were at the root of maladaptive feelings and behaviors.
53
Q

What is Self-instructional training?

A
  • Donald Meichenbaum
  • worked on modifying what clients say to themselves about consequences of behavior
54
Q

How does the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) work?

A
  • involves examining the ongoing thinking processes of individuals who are anxious, depressed or stressed
  • COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING (unciver automatic negative thoughts and develop a different set of attitudes and attributions to restructure malaaptive schemas)
  • additionally, specific BEHAVIORAL TASKS
55
Q
A

Klinische Psychologie (7 decks)

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