Chapter 5 - ANATOMY Of Flowering Plants Flashcards
Tissues are classified into 2 groups - __________ and permanent .
Meristematic
Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialised regions of active cell division called _________ .
Meristems
The meristems that occur at the tip of roots and shoots and produce _________ are called APICAL MERISTEMS .
PRIMARY TISSUES
During the elongation of stem , some cells left behind from _________ constitute the axillary bud .
Shoot apical meristem
The meristem that occurs between mature tissues is known as _______ .
Intercallary meristem
_______ occur in grasses and regenerate parts removed by herbivores .
Intercallary meristems
______ and ________ are primary meristems because they appear early in the life of a plant and contribute to the primary plant body .
1 Apical meristem
2 intercallary meristem
The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots and produce woody axis -
Secondary or lateral meristem
_________ are cylindrical meristems .
Secondary or lateral
Fascilcular vascular cambium , interfascicular cambium and cork cambium produce ________ tissues .
Secondary tissues (becoz they are secondary cambiums)
Following divisions of cells in both ___________ and _______ meristems , the newly formed cells become specialised and loose the ability to divide and are called PERMANENT OR MATURE CELLS .
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
During the formation of the primary plant body , specific regions of _________ produce dermal tissues , ground tissues and vascular tissues .
Apical meristem
Permanent tissues are divided onto _______ and _____ tissues .
Simple and complex
Permanent tissues having many different types of cells are called _________ .
Complex tissues
A simple tissue is made of how many types of cells -
Only 1
Parenchyma , collenchyma and sclerenchyma are __________permanent tissues .
Simple
Parenchyma forms the major component within ________ .
Organs
The cells of _______ are generally isodiametric ( maybe spherical ,oval , round , polygonal or elongated )
Parenchyma
The walls of parenchyma are ______ and made up of ______ .
Thin
Cellulose
Parenchyma have _______ intercellular spaces .
Small
The 3 functions performed by parenchyma are -
Photosynthesis
Storage
Secretion
The _______ occurs in layers BELOW THE EPIDERMIS in most o dicots .
Collenchyma
Collenchyma is found below the epidermis as a _________ layer or in ______.
Homogenous
Patches
Cells of collenchyma are much thickened at the corners dur to deposition of -
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectin
___________ cells may be oval spherical or polygonal and often contain chloroplast .( out of simple permanent tissue cells )
Collenchymatous
Chollenchymatous cells assimilate food when they contain _______
Chloroplasts
They provide mechanical support to growing parts of the plants such as YOUNG STEMS AND PETIOLE OF A LEAF .
Collenchyma
______ consists of long, narrow cells with thick and lignified cell walls having few or numerous pits -
Sclerenchyma
Amount of pits present in sclerenchyma -
Few or numerous
Sclerenchyma are usually _____ and ________ protoplast .
Dead
Without
Out of fibres and sclerenchyma , high generally occur in groups .
Fibres
On the basis of variation in _____ , _____ , _______ and _____ ,sclerenchyma may either be fibres or sclereids .
Form
Structure
Origin
Development
Fibres are ______ walled , elongated and pointed generally occurring in ______ .
Thick
Groups
Sclereids are spherical ,oval or cylindrical , highly _________ dead cells with very _________ lumen (cavities ) .
Thickened
Narrow
Sclerenchyma are commonly found in ____________ of nuts , _______ of fruits like guava , pear and sapota , _________ of legumes and _______ of tea .
Fruit wall of nuts
Pulp of fruits
Seed coat of legumes
Leaves of tea
Name 3 fruits whose pulp consists of sclerenchyma .
Guava
Sapota
Pear
_____ and ________ constitute the complex tissues .
Xylem ad phloem
Function of sclerenchyma -
Provides mechanical support to organs
Xylem also provides _________ to plant parts .
Mechanical strength
The 4 xylem elements are -
Tracheids
Vessels
Xylem fibres
Xylem parenchyma
_______ lack vessels in their xylem .
Gymnosperms
___________ of xylem are ELONGATED OR TUBE LIKE CELLS WITH THICK AND LIGNIFIED WALLS AND TAPERING ENDS .
TRACHEIDS
Tracheids are living /dead -
Dead
In angiosperms _______ and _______ are the main water transporting elements .
Tracheids
Vessels
Vessel i a long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells called _________ .
Vessel members
Vessel members have ________ walls and ________ central cavity .
Lignified
Large
Vessels have protoplasm . T/F
F . They are devoid of protoplasm -dead
__________ are interconnected through perforations in their common walls .
Vessel members
Presence of ________ is a characteristic feature of angiosperms .
Vessels
Xylem _____ have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lump .
Fibres
_______ may either be septate or aseptate .
Xylem fibres
Xylem ________ are living and thin -walled .
Parenchyma
Cell walls of xylem parenchyma are made up of -
Cellulose
Xylem _______ store food materials in the form of starch or fat and other substances like tannins .
Parenchyma -becoz they are the only living xylem element
The radial conduction of water takes place by _______ cells .
Ray parenchymatous
Perforations are present in which xylem element .
Vessels
Which have more diameter -vessels/tracheids -
Vessels
Primary xylem is of 2 types -________ and _________ .
Protoxylem
Metaxylem
The later formed primary xylem is called -
Metaxylem
In stems which type of primary xylem is found -
Endarch - centrifugal ( inside -> outside )
Protoxylem -inside
Metaxylem -periphery
In roots , which primary xylem type is found -
Exarch - centripetal ( outside ->inside )
Proto - periphery
Meta -centre
4 phloem elements are -
Sieve tube elements
Companion cells
Phloem parenchyma
phloem fibres
Gymnosperms lack _________ and ____________ . ( phloem elements )
Serve tubes
Companion cells
Instead of sieve tubes and companion cells , GYMNOSPERMS HAVE ___________ AND _________ .
Albuminous cells
Sieve cells
__________ are long , tube-like structures , arranges longitudinally and are associated with the companion cells .
Sieve TUBE elements
The end walls of which phloem element are perforated ?
Sieve tube elements
A mature sieve element possesses a __________ cytoplasm and a ________ VACUOLE but lacks a nucleus .
Peripheral
Large
Phloem element which lacks a nucleus -
Sieve tube
Has a large vacuole
The functions of sieve tube are controlled by nucleus of ________ .
Companion cells
The companion cells are specialised ________ cells .
Parenchymatous
The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by ____________ .
PIT FIELDS present between their common LONGITUDINAL WALLS
The companion cells help in maintaining _______ in sieve tubes .
Pressure gradient
Phloem _________ are made of tapering , cylindrical cells which have DENSE CYTOPLASM and NUCLEUS .
PARENCHYMA
The cell wall of phloem parenchyma is composed of _________ .
Cellulose
Phloem PARENCHYMA has cell wall with pits though which __________ exist between the cells .
Plasmodesmatal connections
Phloem _______ stores food materials and resin , latex and mucilage .
Parenchyma
Phloem _______ is absent in most MONOCOTS .
PARENCHYMA
Bast fibre is the other name for -
Phloem fibres
Phloem fibres are made up of __________ cells .
Sclerenchymatous
Phloem _________ are generally absent in primary phloem but are present in secondary phloem .
Fibres
These are much elongated , unbranched and have pointed , needle like apices -
(Among phloem elements )
Phloem fibres
At maturity , phloem ________ lose their protoplasm and become dead .
Fibres
Phloem fibres of _____,_____ and ______ are used commercially .
Jute
Flax
Hemp
On what basis is the classification of tissue system done ?
On the basis of STRUCTURE and LOCATION of the tissues .
3 types of tissue systems -
Epidermal
Ground / fundamental
Vascular /conducting
Which tissue system is also called GROUND TISSUE system -
Fundamental
Epidermal tissue system comprises ________ cells , _________ and the _______ appendages ( trichinosis and hairs ) .
Epidermal
Stomata
Epidermal
Stomata is mainly present in which tissue system -
Epidermal
Name the epidermal appendages of epidermal tissue system -
Trichomes
Hairs
The epidermis the outermost layer of the _______ plant body .
Primary plant body
Epidermis is made of elongated compactly arranged cells which form a _______ layer .
Continuous
Epidermis is usually _________ layered
Single
Epidermal cells are ________ in nature .
Parenchymatous
Epidermal cells have a small amount of _______ lining the cell wall and a large ______ .
Protoplasm
Vacuole
The outside of epidermis is covered with ____________ .
Cuticle
Cuticle is absent in the ___________ .
Roots
Stomata are present in the ________ of the leaves .
Epidermis
Stomata regulate the process of _____ and ______ .
Transpiration and gaseous exchange
In grasses _______are dumbbell-shaped. .
Guard cells
Guard cells enclose the ________ .
Stomata pore .
Inner walls of guard cells are ______ and outer ones _______ .
Thick
Thin
_______ possess chloroplast .
Guard cells
______ regulate the opening and closing of stomata .
Guard cells
Subsidiary cells are a type of __________ cells
Epidermal
Subsidiary cells are found in the vicinity of __________ .
Guard cells
Sometimes , a few epidermal cells in the vicinity of guard cells become specialised in their _____ and ______ and are known as subsidiary cells .
Shape and size
The 3 components of stomata apparatus are -
Stomata aperture
Guard cells
Subsidiary cells
Root hairs are ________ elongation of the epidermal cells .
uni/multi cellular
Unicellular
On the stem the epidermal hairs are called -
Trichomes
The trichomes are _______ ( uni/multi cellular) elongation f the epidermal cells in the shoot system .
Multicellular
Trichomes maybe branched/unbranched and soft or stiff .
T/F
T
Function of trichomes -
Help in preventing loss of water due to transpiration
Are SECRETORY in function also
Trichomes are secretory in function .T/F .
T
The tissue system which consists of simple tissues ( parenchyma , sclerenchyma and collenchyma)-
Ground tissue system
Type of cells present in the CORTEX ,PERICYCLE , PITH and MEDULLARY RAYS ( of the ground tissue system .)-
Parenchymatous cells
Parenchymatous cells are present in the ground tissue of PRIMARY
________ and ________ .
Roots and stems
In leaves , ground tissue consists of -
MESOPHYLL CELLS - thin walled chloroplast chloroplast containing cells.
In dicots , _______ is present between xylem and phloem .
Cambium
Why are vascular bundles in dicots referred to as open -
Becoz of the presence of cambium ,they possess the ability to form SECONDARY xylem and phloem
Vascular bundles in monocots are called closed because -
The do not form secondary tissues .
When the vascular bundles are arranged in an alternate manner along different radii , the arrangement is called -
Radial
Radial vascular bundles are found in the -
Roots
In _______ type of vascular bundles , xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius .
Conjoint
Conjoint vascular bundles are found in the ______ and ________ .
Stems and leaves
_______ vascular bundles usually have the phloem situated outside xylem .
Conjoint
The outermost layer of a dicot root -
Epiblema
In dicot roots , cells of epiblema protrude in the form of unicellular ________ .
Root hair
In dicot roots , the layer next to ( inside / under ) epiblema is -
Cortex
The cortex of dicot roots , consists of several layers of thin walled ___________ cells with ___________ .
Parenchymatous
Intercellular spaces
The cortex of dicot roots has intercellular spaces or not -
Yes , it has
But the innermost layer of cortex , endodermis is devoid of any intercellular spaces.
The innermost layer of the cortex in dicot roots is-
Endodermis
The endodermis of dicot roots , comprises ______ layers of BARREL-SHAPED cells .
Single
The endodermis of dicots has intercellular spaces or not -
No
The _______ and _______ walls of the endodermis of dicot roots has a layer of waxy Suberin .
Tangential
radial
The endodermis has a water-impermeable way Suberin deposition in the form of _______ .
Casparian strips
In dicot roots , the layer which lies next ( underneath / below ) endodermis is -
Pericycle
Pericycle is composed of which cells and has how many layers?
Parenchymatous cells
Few layers
And is thick walled
Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth in dicot roots takes place in the -
Pericycle ( parenchymatous cells )
The nature of pith in dicot roots -
Small and inconspicious
The parenchymatous cells which lie between XYLEM and PHLOEM in DICOT ROOTS are called -
Conjunctive tissue .
There are usually ______ xylem and phloem patches in dicots roots
2-4
During secondary growth in dicot roots , a ______ develops between xylem and phloem .
Cambium ring
Functions of pericycle in dicot roots -
Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth .
All the tissues on the inner side of ______ (in dicot roots ) constitute stele .
Endodermis
Which tissues are included in STELE -
Pericycle
Vascular bundles
Pith
Name all the layers of tissues in a dicot root from outside to inside -
Epiblema
Cortex
Endodermis ( innermost layer of cortex )
Pericycle
Vascular bundles ( 1 protoxylem ;2 metaxylem )
Pith -small
Which have more vascular bundles- monocot or dicot ROOTS ?
Monocots
There are usually ______ xylem bundles In a monocot root .
More than 6 -polyarch
Type of pith found in monocot roots-
Large and well -developed
Outermost layer of a dicot stem -
Epidermis
Epidermis of dicot stems is covered with cuticle . T/F
T
Epidermis of dicot stems may bear _______ and _______ .
Trichomes
Few stomata
In dicot stems , the cells arranged between epidermis and pericycle constitute -
Cortex
The cortex of dicot stems is present below which layer ?
Epidermis
The cortex of _______ is divided into 3 sub -zones .
Dicot stems
The first (outer) layer of the cortex of dicot stems -
Hypodermis
The ________ just below the epidermis in dicot stems provides MECHANICAL STRENGTH TO YOUNG STEMS .
HYPODERMIS
The hypodermis of dicot stems consists of a few layers of _________ cells .
Collenchymatous
Th layer present below hypodermis in dicot stems ( 2nd layer of cortex ) -
Cortical layers -parenchymatous cells
CORTICAL LAYERS below hypodermis consists of rounded thin -walled parenchymatous cells with ________ intercellular spaces .
Conspicuous
The innermost layer ( below cortical layers ) of cortex-
Endodermis
The endodermis of _______ is also called starch sheath because it is rich in starch grains .
Dicot stem
In dicot stems , the layer just above pericycle -
Endodermis ( of cortex )
The pericycle of dicots lies between -
Endodermis and phloem
Pericycle in dicot stems is present above phloem in the form of semilunar patches of __________ cells .
Sclerenchymatous
In dicot stems , IN BETWEEN VASCULAR BUNDLES THER ARE A FEW LAYERS OF RADIALLY PLACED _________ CELLS WHICH CONSTITUTE MEDULLARY RAYS .
PARENCHYMATOUS
‘RING ARRANGEMENT OF VASCULAR BUNDLES ‘is a characteristic of -
Dicot stems
Nature of pith in dicot stem-
Has large number of rounded , parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces .
So it is WELL -DEFINED
The monocot stem has ________ hypodermis .
Sclerenchymatous
Dicot stem had collenchymatous
monocot stem has ______ vascular bundles .
Scattered
Monocot stem has vascular bundles surrounded by a sclerenchymatous ____ and a large conspicuous parenchymatous _____________ .
Bundle sheath
Ground tissue
Bundle sheath of MONOCOT STEM has _______ cells .
SCLERENCHYMATOUS
Phloem parenchyma is absent in -
Monocot stems
_________ cavities are present within the vascular bundles of monocot stems -
Water -containing
Water containing cavities present in vascular bundles is a characteristic of -
Monocot stems
The 3 main parts of a dorsiventral leaf .
Epidermis
MESOPHYLL
Vascular system
The upper surface and lower surfaces of a leaf are called -
Upper- adaxial
Lower-abaxial
The _______ epidermis of a dorsiventral leaf generally has more stomata .
Abaxial -lower
The ______ epidermis of a dicot leaf may lack stomata .
Adaxial
The tissue between the lower and upper epidermis in a leaf is called-
MESOPHYLL
_______ possess chloroplast and carries out photosynthesis .( the tissue layer of leaves )
MESOPHYLL
MESOPHYLL of leaves is made up of -
Parenchyma
The adaxial placed _______ parenchyma in a dicot leaf is made up of elongated cells which are arrANGED VERTICALLY AND parallel to each other .
Palisade
The oval and loosely arranges _______ parenchyma is situated below palisade parenchyma .
Spongy
Spongy parenchyma is present towards the ______ epidermis .
Lower -abaxial
Vascular system n leaves can be seen in ___and ____.
Veins
Midrib
On what factor does the size of vascular bundles in a dicot leaf depend ?
On the size of veins
The veins may vary in thickness in the RETICULATE venation of dicot leaves
The vascular bundles in a dicot leaf are surrounded by a layer of thick walled _________ .
Bundle sheath cells
The. MESOPHYLL is not differentiated into palisade and spongy in -
Monocot leaves
In grasses , certain ______epidermal cells along the veins are modified into bulliform cells .
Adaxial
Bulliform cells are ____ ,____ and ______ .
Large
Empty
Colourless
When bulliform cells are _____ , the leaf surface is exposed .
Turgid
When bulliform cells are _______ due to WATER STRESS leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss .
Flaccid
The _____ in monocot leaves is reflected in the near similar size of vascular bundles ( EXCEPT IN MAIN VEIN )
Parallel venation
The meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues -
Vascular cambium
In dicot stems , the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and phloem is the _______ cambium .
Intrafascicular
The cells of _____ , adjoining the intrafascicular cambium become meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium .
Medullary rays
The cells that the cambium ring cuts off towards the pith , mature into -
Secondary xylem
Cells that te cambium ring cuts off towards the periphery mature into -
Secondary phloem
The cambium is generally more active on the ________ side .
Inner side
The amount of secondary xylem /phloem is more -
Secondary xylem
The _______ phloem get gradually crushed due to the formation of secondary xylem.
Primary and secondary
The cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma which passes through the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem in the RADIAL direction . It is called -
Secondary medullary rays
The activity of cambium is under the control of man environmental and _______ factors .
Physiological
In ______ season cambium is very active .
Spring
In spring season the cambium produces large number of xylary elements having __________ with wide cavities .
Vessels
Early wood is formed during -
Sorting season
The xylary elements produced has ______ vessels .
Narrow
Autumn wood /late wood is produced during -
Winter
The spring wood has _______ density and autumn wood has _______ density .
Lower
Higher
Heartwood comprises ______ elements .
Dead
Highly lignified walls are present in heartwood/sapwood .
Heartwood
Sapwood/heartwood does not conduct water .
Heartwood
Function of heartwood -
Gives support to the stem
The peripheral region of secondary xylem is -
Sapwood
Function of sapwood -
Conduction of water and minersls
The greater part of secondary xylem is heartwood/sapwood -
Heartwood
The wood that is hard,durable and resistant to the attack of insects -
Heartwood
Heartwood if present in the ________ layers of the stem .
Central /innermost
Heartwood has deposition of organic /inorganic compounds .
Organic
Organic compounds like TANNINS ,RESINS OILS ,GUMS and AROMATIC substances are deposited in the -
Heatwood
Cork cambium develops in the ______ region .
Cortex
Phylogeny is the other name for -
Cork cambium
Phellogen is a couple of layers _______ and is made of narrow thin-walled and rectangular cells .
Thick
Phellogen cuts off cells on __ side .
Both sides
The cells which the phellogen cuts on the OUTER SIDE differentiate into -
Cork /phellem
The other name of cork -
PHELLEM
The cells which the phellogen cuts on the inner side differentiate into -
Secondary cortex / phelloderm
Other name for phelloderm -
Secondary cortex
Cork is _______ to water due to Suberin deposition in the cell wall .
Impervious
The cells of secondary cortex are ________ .
Parenchymatous
Components of periderm -
Phellogen
Phellem
Phelloderm
Due to activity of _________ ,pressure builds up on the remaining layers peripheral to PHELLOGEN and ultimately these layers die and slough off .
Cork cambium
Bark refers to all tissues exterior to the -
Vascular cambium ( including secondary phloem )
Which tissue types does bark include -
Periderm
Secondary phloem
Bark that is formed ________ is called soft bark .
Early
Lenticels are formed hen phellogen cuts off parenchymatous cells on the outer side instead of -
Cork cells
When ______ cuts off parenchymatous cells on the outer side , lenticels are formed
Phellogen
The parenchymatous cells rupture the ______ to form lenticels .
Epidermis
Lenticels occur in most ______ trees .
Woody
Role of lenticels -
Exchange of gases
In dicot root , _________ is completely secondary in origi .
Vascular cambium
In dicot roots , the vascular cambium originates from the tissue located just below the ___ bundles and above the ______ .
Phloem bundles ( a portion of pericycle )
Protoxylem
In gymnosperms , secondary growth occurs in ___ and _____ -
Stems and roots
Secondary growth does not occur in monocots/gymnos -
Monocots
