Chapter 2 - Plant Kingdom Flashcards
Artificial system of classification was given by
Linnaeus ( Androecium system )
Androecium system is also called
Artificial system
Natural system was given by
Bentham and hooker
Method of classification which is based on all observable characters and can be easily carried out using computers
And in which each character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can considered
Numerical taxonomy
Method of classification based on cytological information like CHROMOSOME NO , STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOUR
Cytotaxonomy
Method of classification that uses chemical constituents of plant to resolve confusions
CHEMOTAXONOMY
On which animal do algae occur in association with
Sloth bear
2 FILAMENTOUS forms of algae
Ulothrix and Spirograph
Method of vegetative reproduction of algae
FRAGMENTATION
The most common asexual spore of algae
Zoospores
Sexual reproduction which is ISOGAMOUS (similar in size )in nature with flagellated gametes
ULOTHRIX
Sexual reproduction which is ISOGAMOUS ( similar in size ) with non flagellated gametes
SPIROGYRA
Sexual reproduction which s ANISOGAMOUS ( gametes dissimilar in size) is found in
EUDORINA
Sexual reproduction which is OOGAMOUS Is found in
VOLVOX
FUCUS
HUMANS
How much carbon DIOXIDE fixation on earth is carried out by algae
HALF
How many species of marine alga are used as food
70
Which algae are used as HYDROCOLLOIDS (water holding substances )
Brown - ALGIN and Red - CARRAGEENAN
Product obtained from algae used to grow microbes and in the preparation of ice creams and jellies -
AGAR
2 algae from which agar is obtained -
Gelidium and Gracilaria
Chloroplasts , a unicellular alga is rich in -
Proteins
The types of chloroplast found in chlorophyceae are based on their ________
Shape
Discoid , plate -like , reticulate , duo-shaped , spiral , or ribbon like
Green algae usually have a cell wall made of an inner layer of ______ and outer layer of ___________ .
CELLULOSE
PECTOSE
Which algae store food in the form of oil droplets
GREEN ALGAE
2 modes of vegetative reproduction in green algae
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Mode of asexual reproduction in green algae
Zoospores produced in ZOOSPORANGIA
SPIROGYRA belongs to which group of algae
Green
CHARA belongs to which class of algae
GREEN
Red rust of tea is caused by which algae
Green algae -CEPHALEUROS
Which class of algae is also called cyanophyceae
RHODOPHYCEAEA -red algae
Name a filamentous form of brown algae
Ectocarpous
Name a branched form of brown algae
Kelp
Normal height attained by kelps
100m
Which pigment is mainly responsible for the colour of brown algae
Fucoxanthin
Laminarin and mannitol is the reserve food of which algae
Brown
The vegetative cells of brown algae have a CELLULOSIC WALL covered by a GELATENOUS COATING OF _________
ALGIN
The 3 main components of the chloroplast of brown algae
Plastid
Vacuole
Nucleus
The leaf like PHOTOSYNTHETIC organ of brown algae
Frond
The stalk of brown algae is also called
Stipe
Mode of asexual reproduction in brown algae
Zoospores ( biflagellate )
Nature of zoospores in brown algae
Pear-shaped , biflagellate with laterally attached flagella
Pyriform
Which class of algae is a oogamous species
Brown algae - fusion of gametes takes place both within the OOGONIUM and in water
Sargassum comes under which class of algae
Brown
FUCUS comes under which class of algae
Brown
Dictyota comes under which class of algae
Brown
Greater concentrations of red algae are found in warmer or colder areas
Warmer
Which algae is found at greatest depths
Red
The thalli of red algae are multi or unicellular
MULTICELLULAR
Most complex body organisation is of which class of algae
Red
The structure of Floridean starch is similar in to which 2 pigments
Amylopectin and GLYCOGEN
Asexual reproduction in red algae occurs by means of of
Non motile spores
Sexual reproduction in red algae occurs by means of
Non motile gametes - OOGAMOUS only
In which class of algae sexual reproduction is accompanied by complex post fertilisation development
Red
Who play a imp role in the plant succession on bare rocks /soil
Bryophyta
It belongs to class THALLOPHYTA and the body is attached to the substratum by means of unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
Bryophyta
They may possess root like , leaf like , or stem like structures but lack true roots , stem or leaves
Bryophyta
The sex organs of bryophytes are multi or unicellular
Multicellular
The kind of antherozoids produced by the the antheridium of Bryophyta
BIFLAFELLATE
The no. of eggs produced by the archegonium of Bryophyta
1
Where are the antherozoids released
Water
Which phylum of he plant kingdom has an intermediate stage of reproduction
Bryophyta - zygote forms sporophyte before undergoing meiosis . The sporophyte in turn undergoes meiosis to form spores
In bryophytes which structure on germination forms the gametophyte
SPORES
The ploidy of sporophyte and spores
Sporophyte - 2n. Spore - n
In bryophytes what does the zygote forms
Sporophyte (2n)
Which structure in Bryophyta produces gametes
The plant body - gametophyte (n)
Along with lichens what are the first organisms to colonise bare rocks
Mosses
_______ form a dense mat on the soil and hence prevent he impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion
Mosses
The Bryophyta in which Gemma cups are the structures of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Merchantia - liverwort
Dioecious
The thallus is dorsiventral and laterally appressed to the substrate
Liverworts
Gemma are uni or multi cellular
MULTICELLULAR
Green, multicellular , asexual buds which develop in small receptacle on the thalli of liverworts
Gemma
In liverworts , the __________ become detached from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals
Gemmae
The sporophyte in liverworts is divided into foot , seta and capsule ;
T or F
T
Spores are produced in the capsule by __________
Meiosis
In liverworts the spores germinate to form
free-living gametophyte
The gametophyte of mosses consists of how many stages
2
The first stage in the life cycle of mosses
PROTONEMA
PROTONEMA of mosses develops directly from a
SPORE
BRANCHED and FILAMENTOUS green , creeping stage - PROTONEMA is found in _________
Mosses
The second stage of mosses’s life cycle which develops from SECONDARY PROTONEMA AS A LATERAL BUD
LEAFY STAGE
THE STAGE OF MOSSE’S life cycle which bears sex organs
Leafy stage (with rhizoids )
Type of rhizoids in mosses
Branched and multicellular
Fragmentation and budding in mosses occurs in the
Secondary PROTONEMA
The sporophyte of which is more elaborate : mosses or liverworts
Mosses
Elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal is found in
Mosses
Th archegonia and antheridia are produced at the _______ of leafy shoot
Apex
Polytrichum is a
Moss
Spores are formed after _________ from sporophyte in the capsule
Meiosis
Plants used as ornamentals
Pteridophytes
First terrestrial plants to possess well differentiated vascular tissues
Pteridophytes
Which phylum may flourish well well in sandy-soil conditions along with growing in cool ,damp and shady places
Pteridophytes
The part of pteridophyte differentiated into true root , stem and leaves
Sporophyte - main plant body
The organs of pteridophytes which posses well-differentiated vascular tissues
Sporophyte - root , stems and leaves
The pteridophyta in which small leaves - MICROPHYLLS are found
SELAGINELLA
LARGE leaves - macrophylls are found in which pteridophyte
Ferns
Sporangia in pteridophytes are borne on the ____________
Sporophyte
Sporangia are subtended by leaf-like appendages called ______
Sporophylls
Sometimes , ___________ form distinct compact structures called strobilli or cones
Sporophylls
Cones are found in which 2 pteridophytes
Selaginella
Equisetum
The spores germinate to give rise to insconspicous , small but MULTICELLULAR thalloid _______
Gametophyte
The gametophyte of pteridophyte is also called ________
PROTHALLUS
ZYGOTE IN PTERIDOPHYTES PRODUCES A MULTICELLULAR ________
SPOROPHYTE
The photosynthetic and multicellular structure of pteridophytes
Gametophyte = prothallus
Salvinia is is hetero or homosporous
Heterosporous
The __________ gives rise to female gametophyte
MEGASPORE
The __________ gametophyte in pteridophytes is retained on the parent sporophyte and the development of zygotes into embryo occurs in it (_______) .
Female gametophyte
Selaginella comes under which class of pteridophyte
Lycopsida
Equisetum comes under which class of pteridophyte
Sphenopsida
Adiantum comes under which class of pteridophyte
Pteropsida
Dryopsida comes under which class of pteridophyte
Pteropsida
Name the 4 classes of pteridophyte
Psilopsida
Lycopsida
Sphenopsida
Pteropsida
In gymnossperms the ovules remain exposed before fertilisation or after fertilization
Both before and after
Ovules are not covered by _________ in gymnosperms
Ovary wall
Which phylum includes medium sized treees , or tall trees and shrubs
Gymnos
The kind of roots found in gymnos
Tap roots
Pinus which has has an association with a fungus ( mycorrhiza ) comes under which phylum
Gymnos
Cycas has _________ roots
Collaroid
The stems of cycas are ____________ and that of pinus/ cedrus are ________. (Branched or unbranched )
Unbranched
Branched
Conifers belong to which phylum
Gymnos
Which phylum is well adapted to withstand extremes of temp, humidity and wind
Gymnos
The needle like leaves of conifers REDUCE /INC surface area
REDUCE
In ________ the pinnate laves persist for a few years
Cycas
Gymnos are hetero , homosporous or both
Only HETEROsporous
Where are the spores of gymnos produced
Within SPORANGIA which are borne on the sporophylls arranged spirally to form CONES
Which gametophytic generation in gymnos is highly reduced and is confined to only a limited no. Of cells .(male/female)
male gametophyte
Male gametophyte in gymnos is also called
Pollen grain
Where does the development of pollen grains occur
MICROSPORANGIA
The ovules of gymnos are contained within the
MEGASPOROPHYLL
An example of a gymnos in which male and female cones are born on different trees
CYCAS
The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the __________
Nucellus
The ________ divided meiotically to form 4 megaspores
Megaspore mother cell
What is the female gametophyte in gymnos
Megaspore ( inclosed within the megasporangium )
1 out of 4
Female sex organs in gymnos
Archegonia
The multicellular female gametophyte in gymnos is retained within the ___________
Megasporangium
The phylum in which male and female gametophytes have an independent free existence
Bryophytes and pteridophytes
The pollen grains in gymnos are released from the
MICROSPORANGIUM
The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards archegonia in the ovules and discharge their content near the __________ of the ARCHEGONIA
Mouth
The _________ in gymnos are not covered
Seeds
In angios , seeds are enclosed by
Fruits
The exceptionally large group of plants occurring in wide range of habitats
Angios
Wolffia comes under which phylum
Angios
Eucalyptus comes under which phylum
Angios
Microspores are formed by meiosis of the _________
Pollen mother cell
Pollen grains are formed from
Microspores
Where is the megaspore mother cell located
Inside the ovule
Other name for EMBRYO SAC
Megaspore
Each embryo sac has a __________ celled egg apparatus
3
Where does the germination of pollen grains takes place
On the stigma
Pollen grain is also called
Microspore
The gametophytes produces gametes by _______
Mitosis
Zygote divides by ________ to form a sporophytic plant body
Mitosis
Spores divide by _________ to form a haploid plant body ( gametophyte)
Mitosis
Spores are produced by sporophytic plant body by
Meiosis
Chlamydomonas shows ________ life cycle
Haplontic
Volvox and SPIROGYRA show_________ life cycle
Haplontic
In plants with haplontic life cycle sporophytic generation is represented by
Zygote
In plants with haplontic life cycle zygote is how many celled
Single -celled
In plants with diploid life cycle , the photosynthetic part of the plant is
Sporophyte
The life cycle of FUCUS is ______
Diplontic
The gametophytic phase in diplontic plants is how many celled
Few to multi
All seeds bearing plants , gymnos and angios have which life cycle
Diplontic
In plants with haplo-diplontic life cycle the gametophyte and sporophyte are how may celled
Both are multicellular
The life cycle of ectocarpus is
Haplo -diplontic
The life -cycle of polysiphonia is
Haplo-diplontic
The phylums which come under thallophyta are
Algae
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Phycobilins are characteristic pigments of which algae
Rhodophyta =cyanophyta
Core of protein surrounded by starch is
PYRENOIDS
Unique characteristic of thallophyta ( algae)
Zygotic meiosis
Embryo is not formed in thallophyta due to
Zygotic meiosis
How is the oogonia of thallophyta different from archegonia of Bryophyta
Oogonia of thallophyta is JACKETLESS AND UNICELLULAR
Whereas archegonia of Bryophyta is JACKETED AND MULTICELLULAR
Name a parasitic algae and to which phylum does it belong
cephaleuros = green algae
Which class of algae best explains the evolution of sexual reproduction
Green = chamydomonas
Female sex organ of algae
OOGONIUM ( chara)
Embryo is present but true vasculature is absent in the group
Bryophyta
Club mosses belong to which phylum
Pteridophytes =lycopsida
In Bryophyta simple sporophyte occurs in
Riccia
Mosses have DIRECT/INDIRECT germination of spores
Indirect
Leaves of mosses and ferns are analogous /homologous
Analogous
Which structure produces the gamete bearing part of moss
Bud
Bryophytes show an advancement over algae in having
Multicellular sporophytic generation
Leafy gametophyte occurs in which phylum
Bryophytes
Non vascular embryophyta
Bryophytes
The first cell of sporophytic generation in Bryophyta is
Zygote
Oblique septa in rhizoids are characteristic of
Mosses
Hepaticopsida =
Liverworts
Rhizoids of Bryophyta are __________ and ___________
Uni/multicellular ; branched/unbranched
Unicellular and unbranched
The 2 phylum in which vascular tissues are absent
Thallophyta and Bryophyta
Sporophyte of bryophyte is _______ ( parasitic , semiparasitic , autotrophic )
Semi-parasitic and parasitic
VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS or seedless Vascular plants belong to
Cryptogams=seedless
Pteridophytes
Most conspicuous and INDEPENDENT alternation of generations is found in which phylum
Pteridophytes
Roots first originated in which phylum
Pteridophytes
Adiantum is called walking fern due to
Vegetative reproduction
Embryo is not formed in thallophyta due to
Zygotic meiosis
Spore producing part of pteridophytes is
SPORANGIA of sporophyte
NOTE: in bryophytes it is capsule of sporophyte
In which class of pteridophytes is the stem distinctly differentiated into node and internode
SPHENOPSIDA. ( = equisetum)
In ferns permanent roots are ________
Rhizome
The antherozoids of ferns are ______ ( bi/multi/uni) flagellate .
MULTIFLAGELLATE
Phycobilins are characteristic pigments of which algae
Rhodophyta =cyanophyta
Core of protein surrounded by starch is
PYRENOIDS
Unique characteristic of thallophyta ( algae)
Zygotic meiosis
How is the oogonia of thallophyta different from archegonia of Bryophyta
Oogonia of thallophyta is JACKETLESS AND UNICELLULAR
Whereas archegonia of Bryophyta is JACKETED AND MULTICELLULAR
Name a parasitic algae and to which phylum does it belong
cephaleuros = green algae
Which class of algae best explains the evolution of sexual reproduction
Green = chamydomonas
Female sex organ of algae
OOGONIUM ( chara)
Embryo is present but true vasculature is absent in the group
Bryophyta
Club mosses belong to which phylum
Pteridophytes =lycopsida
In Bryophyta simple sporophyte occurs in
Riccia
Mosses have DIRECT/INDIRECT germination of spores
Indirect
Leaves of mosses and ferns are analogous /homologous
Analogous
Which structure produces the gamete bearing part of moss
Bud
Bryophytes show an advancement over algae in having
Multicellular sporophytic generation
Leafy gametophyte occurs in which phylum
Bryophytes
Non vascular embryophyta
Bryophytes
The first cell of sporophytic generation in Bryophyta is
Zygote
Oblique septa in rhizoids are characteristic of
Mosses
Hepaticopsida =
Liverworts
Rhizoids of Bryophyta are __________ and ___________
Uni/multicellular ; branched/unbranched
Unicellular and unbranched
The 2 phylum in which vascular tissues are absent
Thallophyta and Bryophyta
Sporophyte of bryophyte is _______ ( parasitic , semiparasitic , autotrophic )
Semi-parasitic and parasitic
VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS or seedless Vascular plants belong to
Cryptogams=seedless
Pteridophytes
Most conspicuous and INDEPENDENT alternation of generations is found in which phylum
Pteridophytes
Roots first originated in which phylum
Pteridophytes
Adiantum is called walking fern due to
Vegetative reproduction
Spore producing part of pteridophytes is
SPORANGIA of sporophyte
NOTE: in bryophytes it is capsule of sporophyte
In which class of pteridophytes is the stem distinctly differentiated into node and internode
SPHENOPSIDA. ( = equisetum)
In ferns permanent roots are ________
Rhizome
The antherozoids of ferns are ______ ( bi/multi/uni) flagellate .
MULTIFLAGELLATE
Most advanced gymnosperm belong to -
Gnetales
Ovule is morphologically similar to -
Megasporangium
Which group is largest in gymnosperms ?
Conifers
Spore bearing tracheophytes -
Pteridophyta
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Living fossil (gymnosperms )-
Cycas
Ginkgo
Psilotum
Sequoia belongs to -( a class of gymnosperms )
Coniferales
Which plant group is exclusively perennial -
Gymnosperms
In Ginkgo , male gametes are -
Motile / non-motile
Motile
Male gamete of Cycas is largest in plant kingdom , is ________ (bi / uni / multi flagellate )
Multiciliate
The mode of pollination in gymnosperms -
Anemophily ( air )
Vessels and companion cells are found in phylum -
Angiosperm
Which phylum has max power of adaptation -
Angiosperm
Modern day ( advanced) plants are -
Monocots
Which phylum has archegonia nut no antheridia -
Gymnosperm
In bryophytes , sporophyte of _________ is the simplest .
Riccia
PROTONEMA of bryophytes developed from spores is called -
And
PROTONEMA developed from parts other than spores is called-
Primary PROTONEMA
And
Secondary PROTONEMA
Female gamete of Bryophyta is called -
Male gamete -
Egg
Antherozoid
2 phylums which come under SIPHONOGAMA .
Gymnos
And
Angios
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation and budding in the __________ PROTONEMA .
Secondary
Most pteridophytes are homosporous/ heterosporous .
Homosporous
In pteridophytes , __________ are also photosynthetic .
Sporophylls
In the plant kingdom , ________ is always non-vascular
Gametophyte
In pteridophytes , ________ is non-vascular.
Prothallus( gametophyte )
The antherozoids of pteridophytes is MULTIFLAGELATE AND SPIRAL . The exception to this statement is -
Selaginella - biflagellate and spindle shaped
Archegonia and antheridia are present on the _______ surface of fern prothallus .
Ventral
Female gametophyte in gymnos is called
Endosperm.
Horse tails are included in which class of pteridophytes
Sphenopsida
Largest group of pteridophytes -
Pteropsida
In ________ roots are 2 types : tap and collaroid .
Cycas
The stems of cycas are __________ and those of pinus/cedrus are __________.
Unbranched
Branched
Other name for the common club moss -
Lycopodium - pteridophyta ( lycopsida )
The leaves on _____________ are well-adapted to extreme conditions .
Gymnos
Which 2 phylums are included under SPERMATOPHYTA .
Angios
And
Gymnos
Meaning of spermatophyta .
Seed bearing plants
Embryo and seed formation occurs but no fruit formation
Gymnos . Becoz of absence of ovary
All gymnos are vascular . T/F
T
The development of polen grains takes place within the _________ in gymnos .
MICROSPORANGIUM
The other name for multicellular female gametophyte in gymnosperms .
Endosperm
The multicellular female gametophyte in gymnos is retained within ________
Megasporangium ( OVULE )
In gymnos , the megasporangium is made of a diploid tissue also called _________ .
Nucellus
Pollinated pollen grains are stored in _____________ .
Pollen chamber of ovule .
2 main requirements for seed formation :
Heterosporous condition of plant
Endospric germination of megaspore .
The process in which male gametes are non -motile and are transferred to female gamete by pollen tube. .
Siphonogamy
In _______ female cone is absent .
Cycas
Most advanced gymnos -
Gnetales
In gymnos ,endosperm is formed _________ fertilisation.
Before
Gymnos are woody becoz ____________ takes place in them .
Secondary growth .
Male sex organ is called ___________ and female is called ________.
Antheridium
OOGONIUM
Sex organs of algae are _______ and ________.
Unicellular and jacketless
An exceptional algae which has diplontic life cycle …..
Brown - FUCUS
Most advanced algae -
Green
Green algae have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of __________ and outer layer of _____________.
Cellulose
PECTOSE
Motile unicellular algae -
Chlamydomonas
Volvox has ________ colony .
Motile
Multicellular FILAMENTOUS algae are (2)-
Ulothrix , SPIROGYRA
In brown algae , __________ cells have a cellulosic wall covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of ALGIN .
Vegetative
Other 2 names of gelatinous coating in brown algae - which have high water holding capacity
Phycocolloids , hydrocolloids
Laminarin and mannitol are derivatives of _
Carbohydrates
Ancient primitive algae -
Red
2 examples of red algae are used to obtain hydrocolloid. - agar agar
Gelidium and gracilaria
The shape of the chloroplast of chara -
Discoid
The shape of chloroplast of chlamydomonas -
Cup-shaped
The shape of chloroplast in SPIROGYRA -
Ribbon/ spiral
Why is embryo not found in thallophyta ?
Because sexual reproduction takes place through zygotic meiosis .
