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CHAPTER 5 Acid Rain Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Sir William Osler?

A

Celebrated as the father of modern medicine and a keen observer who valued learning from patients.

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2
Q

What did Sir William Osler suggest for treating gout?

A

A low-carb diet with limited quantities of starchy and saccharine foods and restricted fruit intake.

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3
Q

What is considered the public enemy number one regarding uric acid levels?

A

Fructose.

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4
Q

How does sleep affect uric acid levels?

A

Adequate sleep helps keep uric acid levels in check.

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5
Q

What percentage of Americans complain of occasional insomnia?

A

Around 25 percent.

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6
Q

What is the ideal amount of sleep recommended for most people?

A

Seven to eight hours.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Sleep deprivation increases the risk of _______.

A

all-cause mortality.

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8
Q

What are some consequences of chronic sleep deprivation?

A
  • Excess weight and obesity
  • Insulin resistance
  • Memory loss
  • Lowered immune function
  • Cardiovascular events
  • Dementia
  • Depression
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9
Q

True or False: Poor sleep can lead to increased inflammatory markers.

A

True.

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10
Q

What physiological changes during sleep can catalyze uric acid crystal formation?

A
  • Drop in body temperature
  • Shifts in breathing patterns
  • Drop in cortisol levels
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11
Q

What health condition is most commonly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

A

Obesity.

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12
Q

What does REM stand for in REM sleep?

A

Rapid eye movement.

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13
Q

What did the 2019 study reveal about sleep duration and uric acid concentration?

A

A strong inverse association between the duration of sleep and uric acid concentration.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Sleep deprivation is linked to an increase in _______ hormones.

A

hunger.

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15
Q

What percentage of children aged six to eleven do not achieve restful sleep?

A

30 percent.

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16
Q

What is the relationship between sleep and metabolic syndrome?

A

Poor sleep increases the risk of metabolic syndrome.

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17
Q

What is the consequence of poor sleep on gene function?

A

It can alter the function of multiple genes involved in stress, immunity, metabolism, and inflammation.

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18
Q

True or False: Too much sleep has no negative health implications.

A

False.

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19
Q

What can chronic sleep deprivation lead to in terms of mental health?

A

Increased risk of depression and anxiety.

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20
Q

What is the connection between sleep and appetite hormones?

A

Poor sleep leads to imbalanced hunger hormones, increasing cravings for unhealthy foods.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: A lack of quality sleep can result in _______ for junk food.

A

intense craving.

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22
Q

What did the 2017 study of prediabetics reveal about sleep duration?

A

Logging fewer than six hours of sleep increased the risk of developing full-blown diabetes by 44 percent.

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23
Q

What is the effect of sleep deprivation on inflammatory cytokines?

A

Increases levels of cytokines such as interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha.

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

A

Obesity.

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25
What age group is particularly affected by sleep insufficiency?
Children.
26
Fill in the blank: Elevated uric acid is associated with conditions affected by _______ habits.
sleep.
27
What happens during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Muscles supporting throat tissues relax, narrowing the airway and cutting off breathing ## Footnote This process often leads to repeated awakenings during sleep.
28
What is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea?
Obesity ## Footnote Extra weight in the neck area can trigger disordered breathing.
29
How does obstructive sleep apnea relate to dementia?
People with OSA are more than twice as likely to develop dementia ## Footnote This is linked to missed vital sleep needed for metabolic health.
30
What does the apnea-hypopnea index reflect?
The severity of disrupted sleep ## Footnote Hypopnea refers to abnormally shallow or slow breathing.
31
Why is REM sleep important?
It is the time when memories are consolidated ## Footnote Quality of sleep during REM affects memory retention.
32
What is the role of deep sleep in brain health?
Activates the glymphatic system to rid the brain of toxic waste ## Footnote This includes the removal of beta-amyloid protein associated with Alzheimer's disease.
33
What has recent research shown about sleep deprivation?
It is associated with higher levels of beta-amyloid in the brain ## Footnote Even one night of sleep deprivation can have significant effects.
34
What can wearable devices track regarding sleep?
Heart rates, blood oxygenation levels, and sleep quality ## Footnote These metrics help understand sleep patterns.
35
What is the recommended daily salt intake?
Should be a tiny fraction of ten grams per day ## Footnote Many people exceed this amount, increasing health risks.
36
What health risks are associated with a high-salt diet?
High blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, obesity, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome ## Footnote Salt can induce insulin resistance in as little as five days.
37
What enzyme is activated by salt that leads to fructose production?
Aldose reductase ## Footnote This process contributes to metabolic syndrome.
38
What cluster of problems is associated with a high-salt diet in mice?
Leptin resistance, uncontrolled eating, obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver ## Footnote Similar effects have been observed in humans.
39
What does the 2018 review of healthy adults indicate about high-salt diets?
Predicts the development of diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ## Footnote These conditions are interrelated.
40
What effect do proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have on health?
They can lead to nutritional deficiencies, increased heart disease risk, and chronic kidney failure ## Footnote PPIs are commonly used for acid reflux treatment.
41
How does xylitol affect uric acid levels?
It stimulates the breakdown of purines, increasing uric acid ## Footnote Xylitol is often found in sugar substitutes.
42
Which type of alcohol increases uric acid the most?
Beer ## Footnote Beer is high in purines and also contains alcohol.
43
What effect does wine have on uric acid levels in women?
Associated with a decline in uric acid ## Footnote This effect is not observed in men.
44
What are the most concentrated sources of purines?
Animal products like red meat, organ meats, and oily fish ## Footnote Lentils, peas, beans, and some fruits and vegetables also contain purines.
45
Do high-purine vegetables increase uric acid levels?
No ## Footnote Studies show no relationship between vegetable consumption and elevated uric acid.
46
What foods are associated with an increased risk of elevated uric acid?
* Seafood: 31% increased risk * Red meat: 29% increased risk * Fructose: 114% increased risk * Alcohol: 158% increased risk ## Footnote These foods contribute significantly to the risk of gout and hyperuricemia.
47
Which foods are associated with a reduced risk of elevated uric acid?
* Dairy products: 44% reduced risk * Soy products: 15% reduced risk * Vegetables: 14% reduced risk * Coffee: 24% reduced risk (in men only) ## Footnote These foods can help protect against elevations in uric acid levels.
48
True or False: Vegetable consumption is linked to elevated uric acid levels.
False ## Footnote Studies indicate no relationship between vegetable consumption and elevated uric acid, even for high-purine vegetables.
49
What is umami?
Umami means 'pleasant savory taste' or 'deliciousness' in Japanese and is primarily due to glutamate. ## Footnote Foods high in purines often have umami flavor, which can lead to cravings for these foods.
50
What are the potential health risks associated with high intake of MSG?
* Obesity * Insulin resistance * Elevated triglycerides * High blood pressure ## Footnote Research has shown that MSG consumption can lead to various metabolic issues.
51
What health conditions are linked to elevated uric acid?
* Psoriasis * Renal insufficiency and chronic kidney disease * Hypothyroidism * Lead poisoning * Tumor lysis syndrome ## Footnote Each of these conditions has been associated with elevated uric acid levels.
52
What is the relationship between psoriasis and gout?
Men with psoriasis are twice as likely to develop gout, while women with psoriasis are 1.5 times more likely. ## Footnote Those with both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are five times more likely to develop gout.
53
Fill in the blank: Elevated uric acid can lead to _______.
[gout] ## Footnote Gout is a common condition linked to high levels of uric acid in the blood.
54
What percentage of the adult population in the U.S. is affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Approximately 15% (or 37 million people) ## Footnote Many people with CKD are unaware of their condition.
55
True or False: High levels of lead in the body have no impact on uric acid levels.
False ## Footnote Lead exposure can prevent uric acid excretion, leading to an increase in uric acid levels.
56
What can cause tumor lysis syndrome during cancer treatment?
Rapid death of tumor cells, usually due to chemotherapy. ## Footnote This condition leads to the release of purines, which are metabolized into uric acid.
57
What is the impact of sedentary behavior on health?
* Linked to premature death from all causes * Increased risk of cardiovascular disease * Increased risk of diabetes * Increased risk of cancer ## Footnote Sedentary behavior is a significant risk factor for multiple health conditions.
58
How much light activity can reduce the risk of dying prematurely?
Getting up every hour for two minutes of light activity can reduce risk by 33%. ## Footnote Regular movement is crucial for health, even in small amounts.
59
What is the recommended action to combat the effects of prolonged sitting?
Take a two-minute break every hour for light activity. ## Footnote This simple action can significantly improve health outcomes.
60
What are the key benefits of fasting when timed correctly?
* Restores insulin sensitivity * Assists with weight loss * Activates autophagy (cellular debris clearance) ## Footnote Fasting can also lead to temporary increases in uric acid levels.
61
What percentage reduction in the risk of dying prematurely is associated with getting up for two minutes of light activity every hour?
33 percent
62
What is the two-minute challenge?
Get up every hour for two minutes of light activity
63
What are some examples of light activities for the two-minute challenge?
* Jump up and down * Do a few squats * Do lunges * Take a fast walk around the block
64
What are some effects of physical activity on the body?
* Anti-inflammatory effects * Improves insulin sensitivity * Helps manage blood sugar balance * Reduces glycation of proteins
65
What is glycation?
A biological process where glucose and proteins become tangled, causing stiffness in tissues and cells
66
How does exercise affect hemoglobin A1c?
Exercise influences hemoglobin A1c, which is a marker of glycation
67
What cognitive benefits does exercise provide?
* Induces growth of new neurons * Increases mental sharpness * Builds cognitive reserve * Helps avoid cognitive decline
68
What is the relationship between exercise and uric acid levels?
Too much strenuous exercise can increase uric acid; too little exercise also increases risk
69
What was the finding of the 2019 South Korean study regarding sedentary behavior and hyperuricemia?
People sitting ten or more hours a day were more likely to have hyperuricemia
70
What percentage did low- and moderate-intensity physical activity reduce the risk of elevated uric acid levels?
12 percent
71
What percentage did high-intensity physical activity reduce the risk of elevated uric acid levels?
29 percent
72
What conditions are connected to both sedentary behavior and hyperuricemia?
* Insulin resistance * Obesity
73
What combination can lead to dramatic improvements in uric acid levels?
Physical movement and weight loss
74
Who is the author more concerned about regarding exercise habits?
The majority of the population who do not engage in regular physical activity
75
What does the author suggest about accessible ways to get physical exercise?
There are plenty of easy, accessible, and affordable ways to exercise

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