Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Drop Acid > CHAPTER 3 The Fallacy of Fructose > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 The Fallacy of Fructose Flashcards

1
Q

What health conditions did Joanna struggle with before visiting the medical spa?

A

High blood pressure, prediabetes, and an extra sixty pounds

Joanna had not been officially diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was Joanna’s primary care physician’s advice regarding her health issues?

A

Just watch what you eat and try to exercise more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did the doctor at the medical spa ask Joanna about her diet?

A

How much fructose are you consuming?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What condition was Joanna diagnosed with at the medical spa?

A

Metabolic syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What were Joanna’s uric acid levels like?

A

High.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What role do thyroid hormones play in uric acid levels?

A

They help regulate metabolism and kidney function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the relationship between uric acid and metabolic syndrome?

A

Uric acid is closely associated with many metabolic issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Joanna realize about fructose after her conversation with the doctor?

A

She didn’t know about fructose’s damaging effects on her health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was Joanna’s health outcome after following the doctor’s protocol?

A

Her health was transformed in a matter of months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was the purpose of the Corn Refiners Association’s ad campaign in the early 2010s?

A

To promote high-fructose corn syrup’s safety and stop its decline in consumption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did the father in the Corn Refiners Association’s ad claim about high-fructose corn syrup?

A

That it is the same as cane sugar and that ‘sugar is sugar.’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the result of the lawsuit between the Corn Refiners Association and sugar processors?

A

A confidential settlement was reached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does sucrose consist of?

A

A combination of glucose and fructose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is sucrose processed in the body?

A

It is degraded in the small intestine by the enzyme sucrase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is fructose naturally found?

A

In fruit, honey, agave, and many vegetables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to fructose when consumed in whole, unprocessed foods?

A

It is absorbed slowly and does not increase uric acid levels significantly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the average fructose consumption in the early 1900s compared to now?

A

Around fifteen grams a day, now north of fifty-five grams.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What percentage of total daily energy intake does fructose constitute on average?

A

Nearly 10 percent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What urgent message does fructose send to the body?

A

Make and store as much fat as possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the average daily consumption of added sweeteners by Americans?

A

94 grams.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What health organizations have lagged behind in sugar consumption guidelines?

A

American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was the conclusion of the 2019 meta-analysis regarding sugar-sweetened beverages?

A

There was a powerful relationship between their consumption and elevated uric acid and gout.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What foods and products can contain fructose aside from beverages?

A

Sauces, dressings, jams, snack foods, ice cream, cereals, and baked goods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does fructose differ biologically from glucose?

A

Fructose triggers changes that favor energy storage as fat, while glucose is used for energy production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Fill in the blank: Fructose is more like glucose’s _______.
evil twin.
26
True or False: Whole-fruit intake is associated with an increased risk of gout.
False.
27
What is the difference in the metabolic effects of glucose and fructose?
Glucose is involved in energy production, while fructose triggers energy storage as fat ## Footnote Fructose is linked to increased fat storage and energy depletion.
28
Who describes fructose as 'alcohol without the buzz'?
Dr. Robert Lustig ## Footnote Dr. Lustig is an expert in childhood obesity and hormone disorders.
29
What are some health effects that both fructose and alcohol promote?
Hypertension, insulin resistance, unhealthful blood fats, fatty liver disease ## Footnote Both substances have dose-dependent toxic effects.
30
What is the hedonic pathway in relation to eating?
It is characterized by the drive to eat for pleasure rather than physiological need ## Footnote This pathway leads to cravings for tasty foods even when not physically hungry.
31
What is the starvation pathway's role in fructose metabolism?
It disarms hunger cues and fails to induce feelings of fullness, causing overeating ## Footnote This leads to a cycle of excessive eating and weight gain.
32
What has been the major source of commercial fructose worldwide?
Table sugar derived from sugarcane and sugar beets, and high-fructose corn syrup ## Footnote HFCS was first produced in 1957 and became prevalent in diets by the 1970s.
33
What was the impact of high-fructose corn syrup consumption in the U.S. from 1970 to 2000?
Consumption increased from zero to sixty pounds per person per year ## Footnote This accounted for half of every person’s annual sugar consumption.
34
What dietary trend coincided with the rise in fructose consumption?
A decline in the consumption of healthful fats ## Footnote This shift was influenced by erroneous dietary guidelines favoring carbohydrates.
35
What percentage of fat in diets has fallen over the past twenty-five years?
From 40% to 30% ## Footnote During the same period, carbohydrate intake increased from 40% to 55%.
36
What is uric acid's role in relation to fructose consumption?
It is linked to health issues and raised levels can exacerbate metabolic disorders ## Footnote Uric acid is a key factor in the negative health effects of fructose.
37
How does fructose metabolism differ from glucose metabolism?
Fructose does not stimulate insulin release and is metabolized differently in the liver ## Footnote This leads to energy depletion and increased uric acid levels.
38
What happens to ATP levels during fructose metabolism?
ATP levels can plummet by 40 or 50 percent ## Footnote This depletion contributes to energy loss and metabolic dysfunction.
39
What is the consequence of fructose-induced lipogenesis?
Production of liver fat, primarily triglycerides ## Footnote Elevated triglycerides are a major risk factor for cardiovascular events.
40
How is fructose linked to insulin resistance?
It increases insulin resistance indirectly through elevated uric acid ## Footnote Uric acid acts as an instigator of harmful metabolic reactions.
41
What was the outcome of the study comparing glucose-sweetened and fructose-sweetened beverages?
Fructose group showed greater visceral adipose tissue increase and higher triglyceride levels ## Footnote This correlates with increased cardiovascular risk markers.
42
True or False: Fructose does not elevate insulin levels.
True ## Footnote However, it ultimately contributes to insulin resistance through metabolic pathways.
43
Fill in the blank: Fructose consumption triggers _______ and _______ in the body.
hunger; thirst ## Footnote This leads to increased food intake and fat storage.
44
What were the effects of ten-week consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages in women?
Dramatic increases in triglycerides, fasting glucose levels, and compromised insulin resistance. ## Footnote Study indicating the metabolic impacts of fructose consumption.
45
What role does uric acid play in fructose metabolism?
It promotes fat accumulation and is implicated in adverse biological events related to fructose intake. ## Footnote Uric acid is produced during fructose metabolism and has fat-promoting effects.
46
How does fructose affect glucose production in the liver?
It stimulates glucose production, leading to increased insulin release from the pancreas. ## Footnote This creates a vicious cycle of insulin resistance.
47
What is the connection between fructose and dementia risk?
Fructose is considered a 'potential time bomb' for dementia risk due to its effects on uric acid levels. ## Footnote Research from UK universities highlights the association between high fructose consumption and cognitive impairment.
48
What hormones regulate hunger and fullness?
Ghrelin and leptin. ## Footnote Ghrelin triggers hunger, while leptin induces a sense of fullness.
49
What is the effect of fructose on leptin and ghrelin?
Fructose reduces leptin levels and blunts the suppression of ghrelin. ## Footnote This leads to increased appetite and leptin resistance.
50
What happens to leptin signaling under conditions of high fructose consumption?
Leptin resistance develops, leading to uncontrolled appetite and increased risk of metabolic syndrome. ## Footnote Continuous high fructose intake disrupts normal leptin signaling.
51
What did a 2005 study on rats reveal about uric acid and metabolic syndrome?
Uric acid was found to play a significant role in the development of metabolic syndrome features in rats fed a high-fructose diet. ## Footnote Rats treated with uric-acid-lowering drugs showed no changes in metabolic markers.
52
What is the relationship between high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and dopamine signaling?
HFCS can alter dopamine signaling, leading to compulsive overeating and obesity. ## Footnote This can occur even in the absence of obesity.
53
What is the link between uric acid levels and ADHD?
Children with ADHD have higher blood levels of uric acid, which may reduce dopamine receptor effectiveness. ## Footnote Research indicates a connection between sugar intake, uric acid, and hyperactivity.
54
What demographic consumes the most fructose?
Adolescents. ## Footnote High fructose consumption in this age group is associated with increased disease risk factors.
55
How does high fructose consumption affect children?
It is associated with markers increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, primarily linked to visceral obesity. ## Footnote Early fructose intake sets the stage for chronic health issues.
56
What did the 2021 open letter to President Biden address?
The disconnect between USDA sugar guidelines and scientific evidence regarding sugar consumption. ## Footnote The letter criticized the influence of the sugar industry on dietary recommendations.
57
What was the title of the open letter co-written to President Joe Biden?
The Bitter Truth of USDA’s Sugar Guidelines
58
What disconnect was highlighted in the open letter regarding USDA sugar guidelines?
The recommendations follow the sugar industry and processed food industry, flying in the face of science
59
What was the suggested reduction for the added-sugar quota in the USDA guidelines?
Less than 6 percent of total calories
60
What is the current added-sugar quota in the USDA guidelines?
10 percent of total calories
61
What are some health issues associated with high sugar consumption?
* Mental illness * Reduced cognition and learning * Heart disease * Alzheimer’s disease * ADHD * Suicide * Cancer * Stroke * Infertility * Chronic kidney and liver disease * Erectile dysfunction * Preventable blindness
62
How much is Congress subsidizing high-fructose corn syrup?
Nearly $500 billion
63
What productivity loss is associated with people who have type 2 diabetes?
44 percent less productivity at work
64
What distinction did the author make regarding fructose in an article on their website?
The difference between fructose found in wholesome fruits and refined, unnatural fructose
65
What topic sparked a significant response from readers regarding fructose?
Uric acid
66
What is the author's mission in writing the book?
To give the unvarnished truth backed by unbiased science
67
What overarching message do respected scientists convey about sugar?
Sugar is slowly killing us
68
What new elements are being introduced to the sugar narrative according to the author?
Facts about fructose and uric acid
69
True or False: The open letter to President Biden was in support of the USDA's sugar guidelines.
False

Drop Acid (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions