Chapter 5 Flashcards
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Superior
Positioned above a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned below a point of reference
Proximal
Positioned nearest the center of the body or a point of reference
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or a point of reference.
Anterior
On the front of the body
Posterior
On the back of the body.
Medial
Positioned near the middle of the body.
Lateral
Positioned toward the outside of the body.
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body.
Anatomic position
The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. It is the base for all anatomic terminology.
Sagittalplane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Hyper extension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Frontal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
Abduction
A movement in thefrontal plane away from the midline of the body
Adduction
A movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.
Transverse plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Internalrotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
External rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior one.
Scapular retraction
Adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Scapular protraction
Abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae.
Scapular elevation
Upward (superior) movement of the scapulae.
Eccentric muscle action
When a muscle develops tension while lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force.
Concentric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle.
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length
Isokinetic muscle action
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
Force
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Length-tension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Force-couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
Rotary motion
Movement of the bones around the joints
Torque
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter, or Nm.
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external stimuli.
Motor control
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Muscle synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement.
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement
Sensorimotor integration
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Feedback
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the Human Movement System in motor learning
Internal feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
External feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment.
