Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is consciousness?
Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives
What are alterations of consciousness?
Sleep paralysis, out of body, near death, and mystical experiences
What is our circadian rhythm?
Cyclical biological changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many of our biological processes
How much sleep should each age have?
Newborns - 16 hours
School aged children - 13 hours
College - 9 hours
Adults - 7-10 hours
What are negative consequences of sleep deprivation?
Weight gain
Depression
Cardiovascular issues
Decreased immune system
What is stage 1?
5-10 mins, Dream-like state. Not awake, not asleep
What is stage 2?
10-30 mins; sleep spindles and K-complexes
What is stage 3 and 4?
15-30 mins; crucial to feel rested
What is stage 5?
10-20 mins; REM sleep; brain activity similar to wakefulness
What are NREM dreams?
Shorter; more thought-like; concerned with daily tasks
What are REM dreams?
Emotional, illogical; prone to plot shifts
What is lucid dreaming?
When you know that a dream is a dream
What is the most common sleep disorder?
Insomnia; difficulty going to, staying asleep, or early waking
What is narcolepsy?
Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep; due to lack of orexin production
What is sleep apnea?
May wake briefly hundreds of times during the nights; caused by the blockage of the airway during sleep
What are night terrors?
Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep
Why do we dream?
Processing emotional memories;
Integrating new experiences with established memories;
Learning new strategies and ways of doing things;
Simulating threatening events so we can better cope with them in everyday life;
Reorganizing and consolidating memories
What is Freud’s dream protection theory?
Dreams transform our sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment
What is manifest?
Actual dream; what we see; ex) getting a flat tire
What is latent content?
What the dream actually represents; ex) anxiety over loss of status at job
What is activation-synthesis theory?
Dreams reflect the brain’s attempt to make sense of random and internally generated neural signals during REM
What is the neurocognitive theory?
Dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about
What are hallucinations?
Realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
What are out-of-body experiences?
Sense that our consciousness has left our body; vivid fantasies, lucid dreams, hallucinations
What is deja vu?
Feeling of reliving an experience that is actually new; due to excess dopamine or small seizures in temporal lobe
What are mystical experiences?
Sense of unity or oneness with the world
What is hypnosis?
A set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
What is sociocognitive theory?
A person’s approach to hypnosis is based on their attitudes, beliefs, and experiences
What is dissociation theory?
Hypnosis is based on a separation b/t personality functions that are normally well integrated
What is substance abuse?
Recurrent problems associated w/ use of the drug
What is substance dependence?
Serious, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
What are depressants?
Alcohol and sedative-hypnotics which depress the effects of the CNS; slow down nervous system and mental processes
What are sedative-hypnotics?
Prescribed to assist w/ anxiety or insomnia
What are stimulants?
Rev up the CNS, increasing heart-rate, respiration, and blood pressure
What is cocaine?
Most powerful natural stimulant; reports of euphoria, enhanced mental and physical capacity, a decrease in hunger
What are narcotics?
Opiates, derived from opium poppy, relieve pain and induce sleep
What are psychedelics?
Hallucinogenics which produce dramatic alterations in perception, mood and thought
What is LCD?
ACID; produces feelings of clear thought and changes in sensation and perception
What is ecstasy?
Causes release of huge amounts of serotonin causing sense of well-being, self-confidence and empathy for others
