Chapter 2

Question 1

Facilitated Communication

Answer 1

A means for autistic children to communicate

Question 2

Describe what went wrong with facilitated communication

Answer 2

Soon after there were allegations of sexual abuse against parents, despite no physical evidence. The facilitators unconsciously put their own thoughts on the autistic children

Question 3

What is the advantage of research design?

Answer 3

Helps eliminate biases and avoid subjective impressions

Question 4

Describe the Prefrontal Lobotomy

Answer 4

Procedure which severed the fibres connecting the frontal lobe and thalamus. Used to treat schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders. Controlled studies show it doesn’t work and instead, made the patients “zombie-like”

Question 5

What are heuristics?

Answer 5

Mental shortcuts that reduce the cognitive energy required to solve problems

Question 6

What is representative heuristic?

Answer 6

Judging a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs. “Like goes with Like”

Question 7

What is availability heuristic?

Answer 7

Estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on how easily it comes to our minds

Question 8

What is naturalistic observation?

Answer 8

Watching behavior in real-world settings

Question 9

What is high external validity?

Answer 9

Findings are generalizable to the real world

Question 10

What is low external validity?

Answer 10

ability to draw cause-and-effect inferences

Question 11

What is a case study?

Answer 11

Studying one or a small number of people for an extended period of time

Question 12

What are self-reports?

Answer 12

Measures assess characteristics such as personality, mental illness, preferences

Question 13

What are surveys?

Answer 13

Asks for opinions or abilities

Question 14

What is random selection?

Answer 14

Essential in order to generalize findings from surveys and questionnaires and ensures every person in a population has a chance of being chosen

Question 15

What is reliability?

Answer 15

Consistency of measurement

Question 16

What is validity?

Answer 16

Extent to which a measure assess what it claims to measure

Question 17

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 17

Similar scores over time

Question 18

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 18

Two raters should produce similar scores. ex) same student should get the same mark on 2 different professors on the exact same subject

Question 19

What is halo effect?

Answer 19

tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to influence the rates of other characteristics

Question 20

What is horns effects?

Answer 20

tendency of ratings of one negative characteristic to influence the rates of other characteristics

Question 21

What is illusory correlation?

Answer 21

Perception of a statistical association where none exists

Question 22

Correlation vs. Causation

Answer 22

Just because two things are related, does not mean that one causes another
Three possible explanations

Question 23

What are 2 things an experiment needs?

Answer 23

1. Random assignments of participation

2. Manipulating of an independent variable

Question 24

What are confounds?

Answer 24

Differences between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable

Question 25

What is the placebo effect?

Answer 25

Improvement because you expect improvement

Question 26

What is the nocebo effect?

Answer 26

Harm resulting from the expectation of harm

Question 27

What is experimenter expectancy effect?

Answer 27

Researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome

Question 28

What is the double-blind design?

Answer 28

When neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group

Question 29

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 29

Cues that participants pick up allowing them to guess the researcher’s hypothesis

Question 30

What is the Tuskegee Study?

Answer 30

1932-1972 men were diagnosed with syphilis but when never told or given treatment in order to study the disease

Question 31

What is informed consent?

Answer 31

Informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

Question 32

What is REB?

Answer 32

Research Ethics Board

Question 33

What is CCAC?

Answer 33

Canadian Council on Animal Care

Question 34

What is descriptive statistics?

Answer 34

Numerical characteristics of the nature of the data

Question 35

What is control tendency?

Answer 35

Where the group tends to cluster

Question 36

What is mean?

Answer 36

Average of all scores

Question 37

What is median?

Answer 37

Middle score in the data

Question 38

What is mode?

Answer 38

Most frequent score in the data

Question 39

What is dispersion?

Answer 39

How loosely or tightly bunched scores are

Question 40

What is range?

Answer 40

Difference between the highest and lowest scores

Question 41

What is standard deviation?

Answer 41

Measure of dispersion, accounting for how far each data point is from the mean

Question 42

What is the inferential statistics?

Answer 42

Allows us to determine whether we can generalize findings from the sample to the population

Question 43

What is The Peer Review Process?

Answer 43

Process to help identify and correct flaws in research and it’s conclusions before publication