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Psych 102 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Detection of physical energy by the sense organs

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The brain’s interpretation of raw sensory data

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3
Q

What is an illusion?

A

When the way we perceive a stimulus does not match reality

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4
Q

What is transduction?

A

External stimulus converted by a sense receptor into neural activity

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5
Q

When is activation highest?

A

When stimulus is first detected, then sensory adaptation occurs

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6
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

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7
Q

What is Absolute threshold?

A

Lowest level of a stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

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8
Q

What is Just Noticeable differences?

A

The smallest amount of stimulus change humans can detect

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9
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

The stronger the stimulus, the greater the change needed to detect

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10
Q

What is the Signal Detection theory?

A

Theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions

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11
Q

What is a True Positive?

A

Stimulus present, responds yes

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12
Q

What is a False Negative?

A

Stimulus present, responds no

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13
Q

What is a False Positive?

A

Stimulus absent, responds yes

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14
Q

What is a True Negative?

A

Stimulus absent, responds no

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15
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

Hearing sounds when one sees colors or tasting colors

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16
Q

What is sensory cross-modality?

A

Interactions between two or more different sensory modalities

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17
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Allows us to choose which sensory inputs to focus on and which to “turn down”

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18
Q

What is cocktail party effect?

A

The other “channels” are still being processed at some level

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19
Q

What is inattention blindness?

A

Miss things that are right in front of your eyes

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20
Q

What is change blindness?

A

When a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it

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21
Q

What is brightness?

A

Amount of light reflected back to the eye

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22
Q

What is hue?

A

The color

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23
Q

What is saturation?

A

Perceived purity of color

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24
Q

What is additive?

A

Mixing lights produces white

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25
Q

What is subtractive?

A

Mixing pigments produces black

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26
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The white portion of the eye

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27
Q

What is the iris?

A

The colored portion and controls how much lights enters the eye

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28
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The hole where light enters the eye

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29
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent cells that focuses light on the back of the eye

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30
Q

What is the lens?

A

Changes curvature to retract light onto back of eye

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31
Q

What is the retina?

A

Thin membrane at the back of the eye

32
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Responsible for acuity

33
Q

What are rods?

A

Provides side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light

34
Q

What are cones?

A

Provide sharp central vision and color vision

35
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness; Light is focused in front of the retina

36
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness; Light is focused behind the retina

37
Q

What is trichromatic theory?

A

Color vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colors: blue, green, red

38
Q

What is opponent process theory?

A

Color vision as a function of complementary, opposing colors:
Red vs. green or blue vs. yellow

39
Q

What is motion blindness?

A

Inability to perceive seamless motion

40
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Object recognition deficit; damage to higher visual cortical areas

41
Q

What is blindsight?

A

EDIT LATER

42
Q

What is sound?

A

Vibration traveling through a medium (usually air)

43
Q

What is pitch?

A

Wave frequency (Hz)

44
Q

What is loudness?

A

Amplitude of the sound waves (dB)

45
Q

What is timbre?

A

Complexity of sound

46
Q

What is the outer ear?

A

Pinna (the part we see, skin and cartilage flap) and ear canal. Together they tunnel sound waves to the eardrum

47
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

The ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) vibrate and transmit sound to the inner ear

48
Q

What is the inner ear?

A

The cochlea converts vibration into neural activity.

49
Q

What is place theory?

A

Specific location along the basilar membrane matches a specific tone and pitch. Accounts for high tones

50
Q

What is frequency theory?

A

The rate neurons fire action potentials reproduces the pitch. Accounts for low tones

51
Q

What is conductive deafness?

A

Failure of eardrum or ossicles of inner ear

52
Q

What is nerve deafness?

A

Damage to auditory nerve

53
Q

What is nerve-induced hearing loss?

A

Damage to hair cells due to repeated loud noise

54
Q

What is olfaction

A

Smell

55
Q

What is gustation

A

Taste

56
Q

What are odors?

A

Airborne chemicals that interact w/ lining in our nasal passages

57
Q

What is the somatosensory system?

A

Responds to stimuli applied to

58
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Kinesthetic sense; helps us keep track of where we are and move efficiently

59
Q

What is vestibular sense?

A

Equilibrium sense; enables us to sense and maintain our balance as we move about

60
Q

What are perceptual sets?

A

Occur when our expectations influence our perceptions

61
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

Allows us to perceive stimuli consistently across conditions

62
Q

What is Gestalt principles?

A

Rules that govern how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context

63
Q

What is Law of proximity?

A

Elements that are close together tend to be perceived as a unified group

64
Q

What is Law of similarity?

A

Elements that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as a unified group

65
Q

What is Law of closure?

A

Even when an abject isn’t closed, our mind interprets it as whole

66
Q

What is Law of continuity?

A

When our brain perceives that a line continues even when we can’t see part of it

67
Q

What is Law of symmetry?

A

Tendency to group things together

68
Q

What is Law of figure-ground?

A

Simplifying a scene into a figure and background

69
Q

What is moon illusion?

A

Moon to appear larger near the horizon that it does higher up in the sky

70
Q

What is Muller-Lyer illusion?

A

When you put outward lines on an arrow, looks longer that inward lines

71
Q

What is Horizontal-vertical illusion?

A

Tend to see vertical lines longer that horizontal lines

72
Q

What is Ebbinghous-Titchner illusion?

A

Stimulus surrounded by smaller/larger stimuli appears larger/smaller

73
Q

What is face recognition?

A

Recognizing a face even when they are distorted

74
Q

What is visual perception?

A

To determine motion, the brain compares visual frames of what is to what was

75
Q

What is Phi phenomenon?

A

Our brain interprets it as moving when it isn’t, each dot is just disappearing in order

76
Q

What is subliminal information processing?

A

Process many sensory inputs unconsciously and many of our actions occur with little to no forethought or deliberation

77
Q

What is subliminal perception?

A

The processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness

Psych 102 (7 decks)

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