Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 102 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are neurons?

A

Brain cells, specialized in communication with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cell body?

A

Center of neuron; builds new cell components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branchlike extension that receive information from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the axons?

A

“Tails” of the neuron that spread out from the cell body and transmit information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

Knob at the end of the axon containing synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are neurotransmitters (NTs)?

A

Chemical messengers that allow neuron to neuron communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Space between neurons through which NTs travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the synaptic vesicles?

A

Spherical sac containing neurotransmitters; travel the length of the axon to get to the axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

Specific area of the gap in which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Glial cells?

A

Cells that are plentiful in the brain(Glue). 2 main types: Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

star shaped, abundant; increase reliability of neuronal transmission (communication); control blood flow to brain; development of embryos; found in blood-brain barrier (brains protective shield)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

Promotes new connections, healing, and produce the myelin sheath around axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is resting potential?

A

When there are not NTs acting on a neuron; more negative particles inside than outside the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the threshold?

A

The membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is action potential?

A

Occurs when there is enough of a charge inside the neuron (threshold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is graded potentials?

A

Postsynaptic potentials that can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on whether positively or negatively charged particles flow across the neutral membrane and in which direction they flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is excitatory postsynaptic potential? (EPSP)

A

Graded potential in a dendrite that is caused by excitatory synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is inhibitory postsynaptic potential? (IPSP)

A

Graded potential in a dendrite that is caused by inhibitory synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is electrical neurotransmission?

A

Communication inside neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is chemical neurotransmission?

A

Communication between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are receptor sites?

A

Location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is reuptake?

A

Means of recycling neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Glutamate?

A

Associated with learning and memory;
An excitatory NTs and inreases the chance neurons will communicate;
Toxic in high doses, may contribute to schizophrenia and other mental disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is GABA?

A

Associated with learning and memory;

An inhibitory NTs and dampers neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

Influences arousal, selective attention, sleep and memory;

Neurons that connect to muscles release acetylcholine to trigger movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Monamines?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin and only contain one amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Norepinephrine?

A

Controls brain arousal, mood, hunger and sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Dopamine?

A

Controls motor function and reward system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Serotonin

A

Controls mood, temp regulation, aggression and sleep cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are Anandamides?

A

Influences eating, motivation, memory and sleep;

Binds to same receptors as THC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are Neuropeptides?

A

Human made opioids act on the endorphin system;

Some neuropeptides regulate hunger, others learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Target the production or inhibition of certain NTs and impact mood, arousal, or behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are opiates?

A

Mimic endorphins and increase activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Antagonists?

A

Decrease activity, like dopamine blockers for schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are neural plasticity?

A

Plasticity describes the nervous systems ability to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Creation of new neurons in the adult brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Sensory information comes into and decisions come out of

39
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The nerves outside the CNS

40
Q

What is cerebral ventricles?

A

Fluid-filled pockets, also serve to protect the CNS

41
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

A clear liquid, running through ventricles

42
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The forebrain is the most developed area of the human brain, giving us our advanced intellectual abilities

43
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Performs executive functioning such as motor function, language, memory

44
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Responsible for thinking, planning, and language

45
Q

What is the Broca’s area?

A

Language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production

46
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

Upper middle part of the cerebral cortex specialized for touch and perception

47
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Lower part of the cerebral cortex, plays a role in hearing, understanding language, and storing autobiographical memories

48
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area?

A

Responsible for understanding speech

49
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

Back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

50
Q

What are cortical hierarchies?

A

When sensory information enters the brain, it first goes to that sense’s primary sensory cortex, then to the association cortex; processing becomes increasingly complex as information is passed up the network

51
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A

Forebrain structure that helps control movement;
Allows us to perform movements to obtain rewards and reinforcement;
Damage can contribute to Parkinson’s disease

52
Q

What is the Limbic system?

A

The emotional centre of the brain that also has a role in smell, motivation, and memory

53
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates and controls internal bodily states; controls the pituitary gland

54
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Relays information from the sense organs to primary sensory cortex

55
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Plays key role in fear, excitement and arousal

56
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Plays a role in spatial memory; damage causes inability to form new memories

57
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

Located at the back of the brain, connecting the cerebral cortex and spinal cord and performs some basic bodily functions

58
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A

Connects the forebrain and cerebral cortex and plays key role in arousal;
Damage can result in a coma

59
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound

60
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Below the midbrain, contains cerebellum, pons, and medulla

61
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Plays a predominant role in our sense of balance and enables us to coordinate movement and learn motor skills

62
Q

What is the pons?

A

Connects cortex to cerebellum and triggers dreams

63
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Regulates breathing, heartbeat, and other vital functions;

Damage to Medulla can result in brain death

64
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

The thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body

65
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neuron that sends messages to other neurons

66
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Conveys information from the CNS to the muscles in the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement

67
Q

What is the automatic nervous system?

A

Controls the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands; has two divisions

68
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Division is engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight

69
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Division controls rest and digestion

70
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Is a system of glands and hormones controlling the secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers (Hormones)

71
Q

What are hormones?

A

Molecules that influence particular organs and also help regulate emotions

72
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Releases hormones that influence growth, blood pressure, and other functions

73
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Released by pituitary gland, responsible for number of reproductive functions and plays role in maternal and romantic love

74
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

Releases adrenaline and cortisol during states of emotional arousal; located on top of kidneys

75
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Regulates blood pressure and cardiovascular function, as well as the use of proteins, carbohydrates and fats

76
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Boosts energy production in muscle cells, restricts it in others

77
Q

What are the sexual reproductive glands?

A

Testes in males and ovaries in females;

Both sexes manufacture testosterone and estrogen

78
Q

What is phrenology?

A

Study of skull size, weight and shape of cranium

79
Q

What is electroencephalograph?

A

Measures electrical activity via electrodes placed on the skull;
Can tell which regions of the brain are active during specific tasks

80
Q

What is neuroimaging?

A

Techniques which allow us to see brain structure, function or both

81
Q

What is computed tomography (CT)?

A

Uses multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images

82
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

Uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure

83
Q

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

A

Measures consumption of glucose-like molecules to give a picture of neural activity

84
Q

What is functional MRI (fMRI)?

A

Uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity

85
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

Applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhance or interrupt brain function

86
Q

What is magnetoencephalography (MEG)?

A

Measures tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

87
Q

What is behavioral adaption?

A

Some organisms have adaptations that make them better suited to their environment

88
Q

What is fitness?

A

Survive and reproduce at higher rates than other organisms

89
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Adaptations then have a higher frequency in the population

90
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connects the 2 hemispheres, allowing communication between them

91
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Inside each cell’s nucleus that carry genes; humans have 46, 23 from each parents

92
Q

What is genotype?

A

Set of genes we have; can be dominant or recessive

93
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Observable traits

94
Q

What is heritability?

A

Percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that due to genes

Psych 102 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions