Chapter 5 Flashcards
ongoing evaluation of influential factors at the scene of an incident
size-up
general pattern that describes how a hazardous material and its container is likely to behave in any given situation
General Emergency Behavior Model
the container undergoes physical, thermal, or other types of damage that reduce its ability to function and leads to breach or failure
stress
the container becomes open to the environment.
breach
when a container breaches or fails, contents, stored energy, and pieces of the container may be expelled into the environment
release
when hazardous materials inside the container and any stored energy release and move away from the container.
dispersion/engulf
anything that is in the area of the release is exposed to the hazardous material
exposure/contact
container stress is caused by ___________, __________ or ____________ energy
thermal, chemical, mechanical
____________ may increase internal pressure and reduce shell integrity of container
thermal stress
uncontrolled reactions/interactions of the container and its contents
chemical energy
physical application of energy could result in container/attachment damage
mechanical energy
according to DOT records, from 2006-2014, nearly ______ of all reported hazmat incidents were attributed to container failure
41%
a container’s design strength or ability to hold contents at pressure
limits of recovery
occurs in containers made of brittle material
disintegration
breaks the container into two or more relatively large pieces
runaway cracking
runaway cracking often occurs in _______________
closed containers
runaway linear cracking is commonly associated with
BLEVE’s
occurs when foreign objects penetrate through a container
puncture
instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material
detonation
immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks
violent rupture
fast release of pressurized hazardous material through properly opening safety devices
rapid relief
slow release of a hazardous material under atmospheric or head pressure
spill/leak
pressure exerted by a stationary column of water, directly proportional to the height of the column
head pressure
the outline of the dispersing hazardous material
dispersing pattern
semicircular or dome-shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material that is still partially in contact with the ground or water
hemispheric
a hemispheric release generally results from the _______ release of energy.
rapid
energy generally travels __________ in all directions from the point of the release
outward
energy release from large container parts generally travel _________ with the long axis of the container
in line
ball shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material that collectively rises above the ground or water
cloud
terrain an/or wind can transform cloud into a ________
plume
irregularly shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material where wind and/or topography influence the downrange course from the point of release
plume
triangular-shaped pattern of a hazardous material with a point source at the breach and a wide base downrange
cone
surface-flowing pattern of liquid hazardous material that is affected by gravity and topographical contours
stream
three-dimensional slow flowing liquid dispersion
pool
indiscriminate deposit of a hazardous material such as that carried by contaminated responders
irregular
contacts (Impingements) time frame: milliseconds, seconds
immediate
contacts (Impingements) minutes, hours
short term
contacts (Impingements) days, weeks, months
medium term
contacts (Impingements) years, generations
long term
3 mechanisms of harm in a hazardous materials release
energy release
corrosively
toxicity
common measurement for pressure in English
psi
force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere at the surface of the earth
atmospheric pressure
atmospheric pressure at sea level is
14.7 psi
common way to measure atmospheric pressure is by using a column of ______________
mercury
unit of pressure relative to the surrounding atmosphere
pressure at gauge
pressure containers carry ___________ or _________
gases, liquids
thermal stressor on pressure container. exposure to heat or flame can cause container to _________
BLEVE
chemical stressor on pressure container, pressure can increase by the ___________ of the contents
reaction
mechanical stressor on pressure container. accidents can cause stress, especially to container _________
fittings
releases from pressure containers are most common through ______________ and ____________
pressure relief devices, damaged fittings
engineered valve or other device used to control or limit the pressure in system or vessel by venting
pressure relief device
bulk storage pressure tanks have pressures of ______ or greater
15psi
2 types of bulk storage pressure containers
spherical and horizontal
___________ storage tanks have pressures of 15psi or greater with capacities from 300 to 400,000 gallons
cryogenic
Low pressure storage tanks have operating pressures from ___ to _______
0.5 - 15psi
Dome roof tanks, Spheroid tanks, and Noded spheroid tanks are all types of
low pressure storage tanks
priority is _________________ at incidents involving low pressure storage tanks
eliminating ignition sources
maximum pressure under which atmospheric tanks are capable of holding its contents is _______
0.5psi
Horizontal tanks, ordinary cone roof tanks, open and closed roof floating-roof tanks, lifter roof tanks, and vapordome roof tanks are all examples of …..
atmospheric storage tanks
treat interiors of bulk nonpressure/atmospheric storage tanks as _______________
confined spaces
horizontal pressure tanks have capacities from _______ to ___________ gallons
500, 40000
spherical pressure vessel has capacities up to _______________ gallons
600,000
_________ commonly transport bulk amounts of hazardous materials via roadway
cargo tank trucks
cargo tank specification and name plates provide information about the standards to which the container/tank was built and are usually found on either side near the
dolly leg
two specifications used in cargo trucks are the _______ and ________
MC, DOT/TC
circumferential tank shell stiffener that helps to maintain the tank cross section
ring stiffener
tanks not constructed to meet one of the common MC or DOT/TC specifications are commonly referred to as
nonspec tanks
nonspec tanks may haul ___________ hazardous materials
nonregulated
examples of nonregulated hazardous materials (3)
molten Sulphur
asphalt
milk
high pressure tank trucks are also known as _________ cargo tanks
MC-331
high pressure tank trucks have pressures typically between _______ to _________ psi.
100-500
high pressure tank trucks typically have capacities between ________ to _________ gallons
300-11000
______________ transport liquified gases, such as propane, anhydrous ammonia, and butane or high vapor pressure liquids and highly hazardous materials such as parathion
high pressure tank trucks
cryogenic tank trucks are also know at _________ cargo tanks
MC-338
cryogenic tank trucks have pressures that can be less than _____ and up to ______ psi.
25, 500
capacities for cryogenic tank trucks are ________ to ____________ gallons
8000, 10000
cryogenic tank trucks carry the following gases that have been liquified which lowers their temperature (4)
liquified oxygen
liquified nitrogen
liquified carbon dioxide
liquified hydrogen
low pressure chemical tank trucks are also known as _________ or _________ cargo tanks
MC-307, DOT-407
low pressure chemical tank trucks typically have pressures of _______ to ________ psi.
25, 35
capacities of low pressure chemical tank trucks are from ________ to _________ gallons
5500, 7000
nonpressure cargo tank trucks are also known as _________ or ___________ cargo tanks
MC-306, DOT-406
nonpressure cargo tank typical pressure in less than _______ psi.
4
maximum capacity of nonpressure cargo tanks is __________ gallons
14000
typical capacity range for nonpressure cargo tanks is _________ to __________ gallons
1500, 10000
corrosive liquid tank trucks are also know as __________ or _________ cargo trucks
MC-312, DOT-412
corrosive liquid tank trucks typically have a pressure range from ______ to ________ psi
35 - 55
typical tank capacities for corrosive liquid tank trucks is ________ to ___________ gallons
3300 - 6300
pressure that the weakest part of the vessel or container can safely maintain
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
compressed-gas tube trailers have typical pressures in each tube from _________ to _________ psi
2400, 5000
tank cars carry the bulk of hazardous materials transported by _________
rail
railroad tank cars have capacities of __________ to ___________ gallons
4000-34000
3 main categories of railroad tank cars
low pressure
pressure
cryogenic
____________ typically transport flammable, nonflammable, and poisonous gases via the railroad at pressures greater than 25psi at ________.
pressure tank cars, 68°F
pressure tank cars test pressures range from ________ to _________ psi
100-600
pressure tank car capacities range from ___________ to ___________ gallons
4000-34000
Per ERG, the initial isolation distance for a pressure tank car fire is __________
1 mile
the combination of insulation and vacuum protects the contents of a cryogenic tank car from ambient temperatures for only _______ days
30
Per ERG, initial isolation zone for a cryogenic liquid tank car is _________
1\2 mile
___________ transport hazardous and nonhazardous solids and liquids with vapor pressure below 25psi at __________ to __________.
Low pressure tank cars, 105°, 115°
tank test pressures for low pressure tank cars are ______ to _______ psi
60-100
capacities for low pressure tank cars range from ___________ to __________ gallons
4000-34000
trains that have a continuous block of twenty or more tank cars loaded with flammable liquid or thirty-five or more cars loaded with flammable liquid dispersed through a train
High Hazard Flammable Train
____________ tank car is a low pressure car that has all fitting enclosed in a protective housing similar to pressure tank cars
DOT-111
pressure ratings while unloading pneumatically unloaded hopper cars range from ________ to ________ psi
20,80
combo of letters and numbers stenciled on rail tank cars that may be used to get info about the car’s contents from the railroad’s computer or the shipper
Railcar Initials and Numbers (on left side of car)
rail tank car that is specked to meet particular parameters unique to the product
dedicated tank car
number stenciled on the exterior of a tank car to indicate the volume of the tank
capacity stencil
______________ indicates the standards to which the tank car was built
specification marking (on right side of car)
freight containers designed to be used interchangeable in two or more modes of transport
intermodal containers
common sizes of freight containers (5)
20 40 45 48 53
intermodal tank containers usually do not exceed __________ gallons
6340
a pressure intermodal container in transport is classified by DOT as a __________
Spec 51
a pressure intermodal container is designed for maximum allowable working pressures of ______ to ________ psi
100,500
___________ is the most common intermodal tank used in transportation
Low pressure
Low pressure intermodal tanks can have pressures as high as _________ psi
100
________ portable tanks are built to withstand MAWP of 24.5 to 100 psi
IM 101
________ portable tanks are built to withstand MAWP of 14.5 to 25.4
IM 102
intermodal containers carrying _______________ must have proper shipping names stenciled on two sides
hazardous materials
these containers are typically 7 feet long, 2 feet in diameter, have a wall thickness of about 0.6 inches and when empty weigh about 1200 lbs.
Y cylinders
y cylinders have a water capacity of approximately ___________ gallons
120
y cylinder classification of a seamless steel cylinder with a water capacity of not over 1000lbs and a service pressure of at least 150 psig
DOT/TC - 3AA
y cylinder classification of a seamless steel cylinder with a water capacity of not less than 1000lbs and a service pressure of at least 500psig
DOT/TC- 3AAX
container used for transportation of materials that have a very limited radioactivity
excepted
radioactive packaging that retains and protects its contents during normal transportation activities
industrial
radioactive packaging that protects its contents and maintains sufficient shielding under conditions normally encountered during transportation
type A
radioactive packaging designed to withstand severe accident conditions without releasing their contents
type B
radioactive packaging used for high activity materials (plutonium) transported by aircraft
type C
as of 2015, there are __________ miles of pipeline in North America
2.5 million
Rigid intermediate bulk containers may have capacities up to _________ gallons and pressures up to _______ psi
400, 100
large glass or plastic bottle encased in basket or box, primarily used for corrosive liquids
carboy
a rectangular plastic carboy
jerrican
pressure vessel designed for pressures higher than
40 psi
flat ended or convex ended cylindrical packaging
drum
drums can range up to ________ gallons, but _______ gallons is most common
119, 55
nonpressurized, insulated container that has a vacuum space between the outer shell and inner vessel
dewar flast
