Chapter 4 Flashcards
matter is found in 3 states
Gas, Liquid, Solid
a hazardous material’s state of matter determines…
how mobile the material will become
compressible substance, with no specific volume, that tends to assume the shape of a container. molecules move about most rapidly in this state
Gas
incompressible substance with a constant volume that assumes the shape of its container; molecules flow freely, but substantial cohesion prevents them from expanding as a gas would
liquid
substance that has a definite shape and size; the molecules of a solid generally have very little mobility.
solid
ERG isolation distance of a solid
75 ft
ERG isolation distance of a liquid
150 ft
ERG isolation distance of a gas
330 ft
solid particle that is formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing its size through mechanical processes, such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading, or blasting.
dust
suspension of particles that form when material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air.
fume
finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere
mist
form of pressurized mist characterized by highly respirable, minute liquid or solid particles.
aerosol
solid particle whose length is several times greater than its diameter is formed by a disruption of the natural state.
fiber
gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure.
vapor
visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation.
fog
incidents involving gases are potentially the most _____________ for emergency responders
dangerous
gas that, at normal temperature, exists solely as a gas when pressurized in a container
compressed gas
confined gas that at normal temperatures exists in both liquid and gaseous states
liquified gas
gases may have pressures as high as _________ such as liquid helium
15000 psi
materials kept under pressure and/or temperatures higher or lower than ambient conditions may….
change state upon release
the ration that gas will expand
expansion ratio
unit of measure typically used to express particle size
micron
characteristics of a material that do not involve the chemistry or chemical nature of the material
physical properties
pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container.
vapor pressure
materials with a vapor pressure over _________ will be gases under normal conditions
760 mmHg
in vapor pressure, gases rise above the liquid and exerts a _____________ pressure
downward
__________ is the baseline measurement for pressure
atmospheric pressure
the lower the boiling point of a liquid the ________ its vapor pressure will be
higher
BLEVE
boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure
melting point
temp at which liquid becomes a solid
freezing point
changing directly from solid to gas without ever going into a liquid state
sublimate
weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure
vapor density
percentage of a material (by weight) that will dissolve in water at ambient temperature
solubility
when a water soluble liquid combines with water, the two liquids mix.
polar solvent
two or more liquids’ capability to mix together
miscibility
incapable of being mixed or blended with another substance
immiscible
ratio of the density of a material to the density of a standard material, usually an equal volume of water, at standard conditions of pressure and temperature
specific gravity
a chemicals ability to remain in the environment
persistence
measure of the thickness or flowability of a liquid at a given temperature
viscosity
chemical nature of a material and the behaviors and interactions that occur at a molecular level
chemical properties
most hazardous materials incidents involve
flammable materials
minimum temp at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors at its LEL to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface
flash point
temp at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off enough vapors to support continuous burning
fire point
any liquid with a flashpoint below 100° F
flammable liquid
any liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F and below 200°F
combustible liquid
incapable of combustion under normal circumstances. normally used when referring to liquids or gases.
nonflammable
lowest temp at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame
autoignition temperature
minimum temperature to which a fuel, other than a liquid, in air must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion independent of the heating source
ignition temperature
autoignition temp of gasoline is
536°F
flash point of gasoline is
-45°F
percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in the air that will burn or explode if ignited
flammable, explosive, or combustible range
lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite and support combustion
lower flammable limit or lower explosive limit
upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite
upper flammable limit or upper explosive limit
alkalis or caustics are an example of
bases
measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH
any chemical that ionizes to yield hydrogen ions
acid
pH values of 0 - 6.9
acids
water-soluble compound that chemically dissociates in water to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion
base
pH value of 7.1 - 14
base
process of splitting a molecule or ionic compounds into smaller particles
dissociation
the breakdown of fatty tissue
saponification
fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion
reducing agent
chemical reaction in which simple molecules combine to form long chain molecules
polymerization
materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction
inhibitor
least energetic form of radiation
nonionizing radiation
most energetic and hazardous form of radiation
ionizing radiation
4 types of ionizing radiation
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
- neutron
shielding beta emitters with dense metals can result in
x-rays
weightless packet of electromagnetic energy, such as x-rays or visible light
photon
the effects of ionizing radiation occur at the
cellular level
chronic exposure to radiation causes ________
cancer
one basic protection strategy against radiation uses ___________, ____________, and ____________
time, distance, shielding
doubling the distance from a point source divides the dose by a factor of ________. (Inverse Square Law)
4
exposure from a fallout is reduced by _____ in a one story building and by _________ at a level belowground
50%, 90%
degree to which a substance causes harm within the body
toxicity
substance that prevents access to sufficient volumes of oxygen
asphyxiant
gases that displace oxygen concentration below the level required to sustain life
simple asphyxiant
materials that prohibit the body’s cells from using oxygen.
chemical asphyxiant
often attack the body’s mucous membranes like eyes, nose, mouth, throat, lungs
irritants
statistics show that ___ in ___ firefighters will be diagnosed with cancer during their career
1, 3
_____% of firefighters will have cancer diagnosed within 7 years of retirement
45
chemical asphyxiant that is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of organic materials
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen, is also commonly encountered in smoke, although at lower concentrations than CO.
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
product of complete combustion of organic materials. acts as simply asphyxiant by displacing oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
microorganisms such as a virus or bacteria, that may cause severe disabling disease or illness
biological or etiological hazard
simplest type of microorganism that can only reproduce themselves in the living cells of their hosts
virus
microscopic, single-celled organisms
bacteria
biological agent that causes disease or illness
pathogen
Hazard class 1
Explosives
any substance with a great deal of potential energy that may rapidly expand and release upon activation
explosive
subset class within an explosives placard that assigns the product’s level of explosion hazard
division number
indication on an explosive placard expressed as a letter that categorizes different types of explosive substances and articles for purposes of stowage and segregation
compatibility group letter
primary hazards of explosives are _______ and _________
thermal, mechanical
Hazard Class 2:
Gases
Hazard Class 3:
Flammable Liquids
Hazard Class 4:
Flammable Solids
Class 4 materials are broken up into 3 different divisions
4: 1 Flammable Solids
4: 2 Spontaneously Combustible Materials
4: 3 Dangerous When Wet
Primary Hazards of class 2
toxicity, corrosivity
Primary Hazard of class 3
energy, corrosivity, toxicity
Primary Hazards of class 4
chemical energy, mechanical energy, corrosivity, toxicity
Hazard Class 5
Oxidizers
2 divisions of hazard class 5
5: 1 Oxidizers - typically solids or aqueous solutions
5: 2 Organic Peroxides - Liquids or solids
Oxidizer with a specific composition that make them prone to reactivity
Organic Peroxides
Primary Hazards of class 5
thermal, mechanical, chemical
Hazard Class 6
Poisons
Hazard Class 7
Radioactive
atoms of a chemical element with the usual number of protons in the nucleus but an unusual number of neutrons.
isotope
Hazard Class 8
Corrosives
Primary Hazards of Class 8
chemical, toxic, thermal, mechanical
Hazard Class 9
Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
Primary Hazards of Class 9
thermal, chemical
minimum energy that starts a chemical reaction when added to an atomic or molecular system
activation energy
Class 7 Radioactive I, II, and III labels must always contain the following (2)
isotope name, radiation activity
protection from gamma radiation
concrete, earth, lead
protection from neutron radiation
oil, water, concrete (high amounts of hydrogen)
protection from beta radiation
metal, clothing, plexiglass
protection from alpha radiation
skin
