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PSY124 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Racism

A

prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background

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2
Q

Systemic racism

A

institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

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3
Q

Sexism

A

prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender.

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4
Q

Stereotypes

A
  • beliefs that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.
  • no valence involved.
  • can be wrong because context changes.
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5
Q

Prejudice

A

negative feelings towards people based on their membership in certain groups.

  • valence is involved.
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6
Q

Discrimination

A

behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.

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7
Q

Old-fashioned racism

A

ascribing negative traits and opposing equal rights.

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8
Q

Modern racism

A

a form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

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9
Q

Aversive racism

A

incorporates both egalitarian social values and negative emotions causing one to avoid interaction with members of a racial group.

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10
Q

Microaggression

A

characterize the subtle but hurtful forms of discrimination

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11
Q

Implicit racism

A

racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.

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12
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A
  • measures the extent to which two concepts are associated.
  • If someone is consistently slower identifying something good after seeing a black face than a white face this would indicate a degree of implicit racism.
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13
Q

Interracial Interactions

A

can be mentally exhausting because people self-monitor to avoid appearing prejudice.

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14
Q

Ambivalent sexism

A

attitudes about women that reflect both:

(1) negative beliefs/feelings.
(2) affectionate but potentially patronizing beliefs/feelings.

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15
Q

hostile sexism

A

resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power

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16
Q

benevolent sexism

A

affectionate feelings founded on the belief that women need and deserve protection.

Claims that:
1) women are weak.

2) women should stick to traditional gender roles.
3) women should be idolized for sexual purity.

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17
Q

Objectification

A

Women are treated as mere bodies or objects and less as fully functioning human beings

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18
Q

Stigmatized

A

being persistently, stereotyped as deviant and devalued in society because of a particular characteristic.

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19
Q

Stereotype threat

A

concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.

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20
Q

Two ways stereotype threat can hamper achievement in academics

A
  1. ) by increasing anxiety, triggering distracting thoughts & focusing on failure rather than success.
  2. ) it can cause individuals to disidentify from the domain.
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21
Q

Evidence for underperformance due to stereotype threat

A

African American student is likely to perform worse on an athletic task if the task is described as reflecting sports intelligence vs. reflecting natural athletic ability.

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22
Q

Stereotype threat effects

A
  • Trigger physiological arousal and stress.
  • Drain cognitive resources.
  • Cause a loss of focus to the task at hand.
  • Impair working memory.
  • Activate negative thoughts.
  • Feelings of dejection.
  • Concerns about trying to avoid failure.
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23
Q

Social categorization

A
  • the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.
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24
Q

Ingroups

A

groups which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

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25
Q

Outgroups

A

groups which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

26
Q

Outgroup homogeneity effect

A

the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.

  • (1) people tend to have less personal contact and familiarity with individual members of outgroups.
  • (2) people often do not encounter a representative sample of outgroup members.
27
Q

Dehumanizing Outgroups

A
  • people perceive outgroup faces more like objects and lower order animals than like fellow humans.
  • can be seen in brain activity.
28
Q

Identity fusion

A

the sense of “oneness” that people may feel with a group.

29
Q

Terror management theory

A

favoring ingroups over outgroups is one important way that people preserve their cultural worldviews & attain a kind of immortality.

30
Q

Social dominance orientation

A

a desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

31
Q

System justification theory

A

a theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.

32
Q

Stereotype content model

A

a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

Higher relative status = higher competence.

Greater perceived competition = lower warmth.

33
Q

Robbers Cave

A

3 Phases to Experiment
1) In group formation (Eagles vs Rattlers)

2) Friction –> made groups compete against each other.
3) Integration –> only super ordinate goals could restore peace.

34
Q

Superordinate goals

A

a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.

35
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

the theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

36
Q

Relative deprivation

A

perceived resource disparities lead to conflict.

37
Q

Minimal groups

A

people will show ingroup favouritism even when categorized on the basis of trivial, minimally important similarities.

38
Q

Ingroup favoritism

A

the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.

39
Q

Social identity theory

A

the theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.

40
Q

Two component of Social Identity Theory

A

(1) A personal identity.

(2) Social identities.

41
Q

Socialization

A
  • how stereotypes are learned.

- self-fulfilling prophecy.

42
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Males → adventurous, assertive, aggressive, independent, & task-oriented.

Females → sensitive, gentle, dependent, agreeable, emotional & people-oriented.

43
Q

Social role theory

A

the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.

44
Q

Three Steps of Social Role Theory

A

(1) Biological + social factors create a division of labor between the sexes.
(2) People behave in ways that fit the roles they play.
(3) Behavioural differences provide a basis for social perception that reflect the roles the sexes play.

45
Q

Why do stereotypes persist for so long?

A
  • confirmation bias
  • When a target of a stereotype behaves in an ambiguous way, perceivers interpret behaviour as consistent with the stereotype.
46
Q

Illusory correlation

A

an overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.

Ex:
1) variables that are relatively rare.

2) variables people already expect to go together.

47
Q

Subytping

A

accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by splitting off a subgroup stereotype (such as “middle class Blacks” or “feminist women”).

48
Q

Automatic Stereotype Activation

A

Stereotypes can be activated without our awareness.

49
Q

Subliminal presentations

A

a method of presenting stimuli so rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

50
Q

The Shooter Bias

A

An unarmed man is more likely to be misperceived as holding a gun if he is black than if he is white.

51
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

the theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.

52
Q

Four Conditions are deemed ideal for intergroup contact to serve as a treatment for racism.

A

1) Equal Status
2) Personal interaction
3) Cooperative activities
4) Social norms

53
Q

Contact reduces prejudice by

A

1) enhancing knowledge about the outgroup
2) reducing anxiety about intergroup contact
3) increasing empathy and perspective taking

54
Q

Extended/Indirect contact effect

A

knowing that an ingroup friend has a good relationship with a member of an outgroup can produce positive intergroup benefits in ways similar to direct contact.

55
Q

Jigsaw classroom

A

a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.

56
Q

Common Ingroup Identity Model

A

Proposes that if members of different groups categorize themselves as members of a more inclusive superordinate group, intergroup attitudes & relations can improve.

57
Q

Explicit vs. Implicit Prejudice

A

Explicit –> conscious, controllable behaviours. ex: saying racist things

Implicit –> subtle behaviours we are less in control of. ex: eye contact.

58
Q

Stereotypes about women

A

generally more positive then stereotypes of men.

59
Q

Effects of benevolent sexism

A
  • less likely to protest against a sexually discriminating policy.
  • greater gender disparities at economic an political levels.
60
Q

Glass cliff

A

women CEOs more likely to be hired when company in turmoil.

61
Q

Evolutionary causes of racism

A

appearance-based signals of “outsideness” used to identify danger & otherness.

62
Q

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Stereotype

A

people may be more likely to think about situational factors when they see others acting in ways that seem to contradict a stereotype.

PSY124 (6 decks)

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