Chapter 3

Question 1

Self-Concept

Answer 1

the sum total of an individual’s beliefs about their own personal attributes.

Question 2

Self-Schemas

Answer 2

a belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information.

Question 3

Self-Awareness

Answer 3

the act of thinking about ourselves.

Question 4

Collectivist

Answer 4

• interdependent self.
• “we” is important.
• disapproves of egotism.
• more likely to list group identities.

Question 5

Individualist

Answer 5

• independent self.
• “me” is important.
• disapproves of conformity.
• more likely to list traits and goals.

Question 6

Ways we can know ourselves

Answer 6

1. ) introspection
2. ) self-perception theory
3. ) social comparison theory.
4. ) autobiographical memories.

Question 7

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 7

originates in factors outside the person.

Question 8

Overjustification effect

Answer 8

the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.

Question 9

Impact bias

Answer 9

people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions.

explains affective forecasting

Question 10

Self-Perception Theory

Answer 10

the theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own freely chosen behaviour.

Question 11

Recency Effect

Answer 11

when people are prompted to recall their own experiences, they typically report more recent events than ones from the past.

Question 12

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Answer 12

self esteem depends on:

1. ) amount of discrepancy: the more of it there is, the worse we feel.
2. ) importance of the discrepancy to the self
3. ) how much we focus on our self-discrepancies

Question 13

Example of Overjustification effect

Answer 13

experiment with kids either (1) given nothing or (2) receiving gold star after coloring.

• kids who got gold star were less likely to color

Question 14

Social comparison theory

Answer 14

the theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others, when they are unsure about their own performance and when the person is similar to us.

Question 15

Looking glass self

Answer 15

suggests that other people serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves. (Charles H. Cooley).

Question 16

Vicarious self perception

Answer 16

you might infer something about yourself by observing the behaviour of someone else with whom you completely identify.

Question 17

Self-Esteem

Answer 17

• an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations.
• stable over lifetime
• short-term following negative or positive feedback.

Question 18

Higher self esteem is associated with:

Answer 18

• higher life satisfaction.
• lower depression & anxiety.
• higher self-efficacy.
• more confidence in being liked by others.

Question 19

Actual Self

Answer 19

traits/attributes that you believe you actually possess.

Question 20

Ought Self

Answer 20

traits that would help you meet duties and responsibilities.

Question 21

Ideal Self

Answer 21

traits that would help you meet your hopes, wished and dreams.

Question 22

Two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 22

the theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors; physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

Question 23

Actual self vs Ought self equals

Answer 23

guilt and shame.

Question 24

Actual self vs Ideal self equals

Answer 24

frustration and sadness.

Question 25

Self-presentation

Answer 25

strategies people use to shape what others think of them.

Question 26

Above average effect

Answer 26

people see positive traits as more self descriptive than negative traits, rate themselves more highly than they do others, etc.

Question 27

Dunning Kruger effect

Answer 27

individuals who are unskilled at a particular task, believe they have possess above-average ability in performing the task.

Question 28

Implicit Egotism

Answer 28

an unconscious form of self-enhancement. Ex: people favoring the letters in their names, their bday numbers, etc.

Question 29

Self-enhancement

Answer 29

4 ways we try to feel better about ourselves:

1. ) self-serving cognitions.
   2) self-handicapping.
   3) basking in reflected glory.
   4) downward social comparisons.

Question 30

Self serving cognitions

Answer 30

intrinsic motivations for successes and extrinsic explanations for failures.

Question 31

Self handicapping

Answer 31

behaviours that sabotage one’s own performance to provide an excuse for failure.

ex: procrastination

Question 32

Basking in reflected glory (BIRG)

Answer 32

to increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful.

Question 33

Downward social comparisons

Answer 33

the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.

Question 34

Upward social comparisons

Answer 34

compare to someone who one perceives to be better than them.

Question 35

Illusions of control

Answer 35

overestimating the extent to which one can influence personal outcomes that aren’t, in fact, within our power to control.

Question 36

Sandbagging

Answer 36

people play down their own ability, lower expectations and publicly predict that they will fail.

Question 37

Implicit self esteem

Answer 37

a person’s non-conscious tendency to positively evaluate people and objects that reflect upon themselves

Question 38

Spotlight effect

Answer 38

a tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on one then it really does.

Question 39

Dramaturgical perspective

Answer 39

society is seen as an elaborately scripted play in which individuals enact different roles, as if performing in a reality TV show

Question 40

Strategic self-presentation

Answer 40

consists of our efforts to shape others impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.

Question 41

Two strategic self presentation goals

Answer 41

1. ) Ingratiation: acts that are motivated by the desire to ‘get along’ with others.
2. ) Self-promotion: acts that are motivated by a desire to ‘get ahead’.

Question 42

Self-verification

Answer 42

the desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves.

Question 43

Self-monitoring

Answer 43

the tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation.

Question 44

Are positive illusions adaptive?

Answer 44

• Individuals that are depressed/have low self esteem see themselves more realistically.
• people with too high self esteems are viewed negatively.

Question 45

Autobiographical memories

Answer 45

we can draw on older memories/experiences to determine self-concept.

Question 46

Mirror Test

Answer 46

red dye test –> primates, human (3 and up), dolphins, elephants recognize selves in mirror.