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PSY124 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

Scientific study of behaviour and the mind.

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2
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context.

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3
Q

ABCs

A

Affect (feelings)
Behaviour (actions)
Cognition (thoughts)

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4
Q

Theory

A

an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena.

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

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6
Q

Steps of Psychology Research

A

1) theory
2) create a hypotheses based on theory
3) test the hypothesis
4) refine the theory

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7
Q

Signs of a good theory

A

1) assumes cause and effect relationships.
2) is coherent (organizes observations).
3) offers a simple explanation.
4) is testable and can be falsified.
5) generates new questions.
6) solves problems (has practical value).

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8
Q

Correlational Research

A

research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.

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9
Q

Experimental Research

A

a form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.

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10
Q

Independent Variable

A

the factor that experimenters manipulate

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11
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the factor that experimenters measure

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12
Q

Random Assignment

A

a method of assigning participants so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.

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13
Q

Ego depletion

A

people have a common source of controlled resources/willpower from which they draw. each time we try to control our will, we reduce this pool of resources.

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14
Q

Operational Definition

A

a concise and detailed definition of a measure.

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15
Q

Construct Validity

A

the confidence you can have that the operational definition faithfully represents the abstract construct it is supposed to.

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16
Q

Descriptive Research

A

to record how typically people think, feel, or behave in particular ways.

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17
Q

Methods of Descriptive Research

A

1) observational studies
2) archival studies: examining existing records of past events and behaviours.
3) surveys: asking people questions about their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours.

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18
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of particular effects.

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19
Q

What do Social Psychologists Care about?

A
  • how to stop being negatively affected by others.
  • how to fight prejudice/stereotypes.
  • how to have good relationships.
  • how to achieve goals.
  • why do people reject science.
20
Q

Replication Crisis

A
  • researchers attempted to replicate 100 studies that had been published in three prominent psychology journals.
  • just 39 of the studies were successfully replicated.
21
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of particular effects.

22
Q

Confound

A

any variable other than the independent variable that may have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.

23
Q

Subject Variable

A

a variable that characterizes preexisting differences among the participants in a study.

24
Q

Ego depletion experiment

A
  • participants watched a sad movie and either 1) told not show emotions (2) given no instructions (3) shown no movie and no instructions.
  • participants were then told to hold hand in cold water for as long as possible.
  • those given no instructions could hold hand in water the longest.
  • theory has been debunked.
25
Q

Self-reports

A

Sets of questions that together measure a single conceptual variable.

26
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.

can range from +1.0 to -1.0.

27
Q

Internal Validity

A

the extent to which research provides a valid test of the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.

28
Q

Bogus Pipeline Technique

A

a procedure in which research participants are (falsely) led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie detector.

29
Q

Random Sampling

A

a method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.

30
Q

Control Group

A

consists of participants who experience all of the procedures except the experimental treatment.

31
Q

Interval Contingent Self Report

A

respondents report their experiences at regular intervals, usually once a day.

32
Q

Field Research

A

conducted in real-world settings outside the laboratory.

33
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A

when an experimenter’s expectations affect their behaviour toward a participant and thereby influence the participant’s responses.

34
Q

Signal Contingent Self Reports

A

respondents report their experiences as soon as possible after being signaled to do so, usually by text message.

35
Q

Replication

A

to repeat the experiment and see if similar results are found.

36
Q

Deception

A

in the context of research, a method where false information is given to participants.

37
Q

Confederate

A

accomplice of an experimenter who acts as if they are also a participant while dealing with the real participants in an experiment.

38
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

the degree to which different observers agree on their observations.

39
Q

External Validity

A

the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other people.

40
Q

Mundane Realism

A

the degree to which the experimental situation resembles places & events in the real world.

41
Q

Experimental Realism

A

the degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously.

42
Q

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

A

take on the responsibility of reviewing research proposals to ensure that the welfare of participants is adequately protected.

43
Q

Informed consent

A

ensures that participants are aware of all the potential risks and costs involved in a procedure.

44
Q

Debriefing

A

a disclosure made after the experiment in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research.

45
Q

Statistically Significant

A

if the results could have occurred by chance 5 or fewer times in 100 possible outcomes they should be taken seriously.

46
Q

Event contingent self reports

A

respondents report on a designated set of events as soon as possible after such events have occurred.

PSY124 (6 decks)

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