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PSY124 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Perception

A

a general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another.

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2
Q

Facial “pop-out” effect

A

human faces really capture our attention

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3
Q

Overgeneralization Hypothesis

A

we infer personality characteristics based on similarity of one’s appearance with learned associations.

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4
Q

Baby Facedness

A
  • seen a warm, kind, naive, weak, honest & submissive.

- we have urges to be caring and gentle.

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5
Q

Physiognomy

A
  • the art of reading character from faces.
  • More trustworthy = U-shaped mouth, raised brows.
  • Less trustworthy = mouth curled down, eyebrows shape make a V-shape.
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6
Q

Scripts

A

preset notions about certain types of situations that enable us to anticipate the outcomes likely to occur in a particular setting.

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7
Q

Mature features

A
  • stronger, more dominant, more competent.
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8
Q

Mind perception

A

the process by which people attribute human like mental states to various animate and inanimate objects, including other people.

  • deals with belonging and sense-making.
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9
Q

Pareidolia

A

we see faces and attribute personality where no faces exist.

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10
Q

People perceive minds along 2 dimensions

A
  1. ) Agency

2. ) Experience

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11
Q

Agency

A

a target’s ability to plan & execute behaviour.

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12
Q

Experience

A

the capacity to feel pleasure, pain and other sensations.

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13
Q

Nonverbal behaviour

A

behaviour that reveals a person’s feelings without words, through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues.

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14
Q

Primary Emotions

A
  1. ) happiness
  2. ) sadness
  3. ) fear
  4. ) anger
  5. ) surprise
  6. ) disgust
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15
Q

In group advantage

A

people are more accurate at judging faces from their own national, ethnic or regional groups.

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16
Q

Anger superiority effect (face in crowd effect)

A

people are quicker to spot and slower to look away from angry faces in a crowd.

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17
Q

Eye contact effect

A

Eye contact holds attention, increases arousal & activates brain areas.

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18
Q

Gage disengagement

A

people form negative impressions when someone can’t hold eye contact as if uninterested.

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19
Q

4 Channels of Communication

A
  1. ) spoken word
  2. ) the face
  3. ) the body
  4. ) the voice
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20
Q

Dispositions

A

stable characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, abilities.

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21
Q

Attributions

A

the explanation we come up with.

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22
Q

Attribution Theory

A

a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour.

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23
Q

2 Groups of Causal Attributions

A
  1. ) personal attributions: attributions to internal characteristics of an actor. (ex: mood, effort).
  2. ) situational attributions: attribution to external factors to an actor. (ex: other people, luck).
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24
Q

Covariation Principle

A

a principle of attribution theory that holds that people attribute behaviours to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and are absent when it does not.

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25
Q

Consensus

A

see how different person’s react to the same stimulus.

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26
Q

Distinctiveness

A

see how the same person’s react to different stimuli.

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27
Q

Consistency

A

see what happens to the behaviour at another time when the person and stimulus both remain the same.

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28
Q

Cognitive heuristics

A

information processing rules of thumb that enable us to think in ways that are quick and easy but that often lead to error.

29
Q

Availability heuristics

A

the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind.

30
Q

False-consensus effect

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes and behaviours.

31
Q

Base-rate fallacy

A

the finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates.

32
Q

Counterfactual thinking

A

the tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not.

33
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behavior.

34
Q

Social Perception is a Two Step Process

A
  1. ) identify behavior and make quick personal attribution.

2. ) adjust that inference to account for situational influences. (requires attention, thought, and effort).

35
Q

Culture

A
  • Western cultures emphasize individual person & attributes.
  • East Asian cultures focus on background that surrounds individual.
36
Q

Motivational Biases

A

our goals/beliefs influence how we perceive others.

ex: see B or 13 experiment –> B (orange juice) & #13 (gross juice), people reported seeing B.

37
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

people tend to take more credit for success than they do blame for failure.

38
Q

Positivity Bias

A

people seek more info about their strengths than they do their strengths than they do their weaknesses.

39
Q

Belief in a Just World

A

the belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, an orientation that leads people to dismiss victims.

40
Q

Impression Formation

A

the process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression.

41
Q

Summation model of Impression Formation

A

the more positive traits there are, the better.

42
Q

Averaging Model

A

the higher the average value of all traits, the better.

43
Q

Information Integration Theory

A

theory that impressions are based on (1) perceiver dispositions and (2) a weighted average of a target person’s traits.

44
Q

Perceiver Characteristics

A

Each of us differs in terms of the kinds of impressions we form. We tend to use ourselves as a frame of reference.

45
Q

Embodiment Effects

A
  • the way we view ourselves and others is affected by the physical position, orientation, sensations, and movements of our bodies.
  • warm = physical sensation we relate to safety, shelter & trustworthy/friendly.
46
Q

Priming

A

the tendency for recently used or perceived words to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information.

47
Q

Target Characteristics

A

Individuals can be distinguished along 5 broad traits;

  1. ) Extraversion
  2. ) Neuroticism
  3. ) Openness to experience
  4. ) Agreeableness
  5. )Conscientiousness
48
Q

Valence

A

whether trait is considered good/bad.

49
Q

The innuendo effect

A

if you describe a person either by their warmth or competence, but not both, perceivers tend to draw negative inferences about the dimension that was omitted.

50
Q

Implicit personality traits

A

a network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.

51
Q

Central Traits

A

traits that exert a powerful influence an overall impressions. Ex: warm and cold.

52
Q

Primacy Effect

A

the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later.

53
Q

Need for closure

A

the desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions.

54
Q

Change of meaning hypothesis

A

once people have formed on impression, they start to interpret inconsistent information in light of that impression.

55
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to seek, interpret and create information that verifies existing beliefs.

56
Q

Belief perseverance

A

the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they’ve been discredited.

57
Q

Bias experience sampling

A

attraction breeds interaction, which is why our negative first impressions in particular tend to persist.

58
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

the process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.

59
Q

Rejection prophecy

A

(1) people who are insecure are fearful or rejection which makes them tense & awkward in social situations
(2) their resulting behaviour is off-putting to others
(3) this increase the likelihood of rejection & reinforces their initial insecurity.

60
Q

Confirmation hypothesis testing

A

Thinking someone has a certain trait, one engages in a one-sided search for information. In doing so, one creates a reality that ultimately supports their beliefs.

61
Q

Negativity bias

A

we perceive negative information about a target as more diagnostic of their character than positive information.

62
Q

Perceiver Factors

A
  1. ) motivation
  2. ) beliefs
  3. ) emotions
63
Q

Correspondence bias

A

tendency to overlook the impact of a situation and attribute someone’s actions to his or her disposition.

64
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

perceiving humanlike minds in non-human entities.

65
Q

Truth bias

A

In general, people tend to believe others.

66
Q

Deception detection

A

Mismatch between the behavioural cues that actually signal deception and those we use to detect deception.

67
Q

Choice

A

behaviour that is freely chosen is more information about a person than behaviour that’s coerced by the situation.

68
Q

Expectedness

A

an action tells us more about a person when it departs from the norm.

69
Q

Effect

A

acts that produce many desirable outcomes don’t reveal a person’s specific motives as clearly as acts that produce only a single desirable outcome.

PSY124 (6 decks)

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