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PSC 135 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

5 systems and their receptors

A
  • sight=visual=photoreceptors
  • touch=somatosensory=specialized endings and free nerve endings
  • smell=olfactory=olfactory receptors
  • taste=gustatory=taste receptors
  • hearing=auditory= hair cells
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2
Q

function of our sensory systems

A

give an organism information about the external world - and the organism’s internal state

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3
Q

general pathway sensory information through the brain

A

receptors–>thalamus–>primary sensory cortex–>secondary sensory cortex –>association cortex

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4
Q

transduction

A
  • taking the signal from the environment and transforming it into neuronal activity (a signal our system can understand )
  • So receptor cells must have ways that the physical stimulus they detect opens or closes ion channels, changing the membrane potential
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5
Q

4 types of information about a stimulus that are encoded by the nervous system

A
  1. modality - the type of info encoded by the receptor
  2. intensity - the size of thee stimulus
  3. duration - how long the stimulus continues
  4. location - where the information comes from
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6
Q

sensation

A

bottom-up process by which the physical sensory system receives and represents stimuli at the very basic level of sensory receptors and works up

-info coming from our receptors and traveling up the pathway through the brain

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7
Q

perception

A

Top-down mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory input from experience and expectations

-organizing input and making an experience

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8
Q

how do auditory hair cells work

A
  • convert sound energy to neural impulses and send them along to the pathway to auditory cortex
  • mounted in the basilar membrane
  • mechanoreceptors such that shearing of the two membranes causes physical deflection of the cilia which opens or closes ion channels
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9
Q

how are the cochlea and primary auditory cortex organized

A

cochlea–> hair cells activated by sound, which gets translated into AP–>auditory nerve–>thalamus –> primary auditory cortex

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10
Q

does damage to auditory cortex cause deafness

A

Deafness is usually associated with damage to the ossicles, cochlea or auditory nerve

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11
Q

how does the brain calculate where a sound is coming from

A

Location is calculated using arrival time and volume differences between the 2 ears.

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12
Q

what are the functions of the olfactory and gustatory systems

A
  • olfactory= smell; detects airborne chemicals

- gustatory = taste; responds to chemicals in the mouth

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13
Q

how does an olfactory receptor work

A

Each olfactory receptor responds to more than one chemical or odor

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14
Q

how does the brain encode the identity of an odor

A

through the pattern of activity of many neurons

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15
Q

what is unusual about the olfactory pathway

A

-does not go through the thalamus on its way to primary olfactory cortex

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16
Q

neural pathway of the gustatory pathway

A

-taste receptors–>thalamus–>primary gustatory cortex

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17
Q

how do we sense different types of tastes (including hot)? what are the different mechanisms for sensing

A

-Five primary tastes
◦ Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, and Umami

  • Salty and sour don’t have receptors, they merely act on ion channels directly
  • Taste receptors are individually variable, continually replaced, and decline with age
  • Heat like jalepenos (capsaicin) not detected by taste receptors, but pain receptors
18
Q

how does satiation change activity in the brain in the gustatory system

A
  • repeated presentation decreases the taste and how more we want with time
  • activity decline with increasing presentation of the chocolate bc habituation is occurring so it does not activate gustatory cortex as much
19
Q

anosmia

A

-inability to smell

20
Q

3 somatosensory systems

A
  • exteroreceptive
  • proprioceptive
  • interoceptive
21
Q

what do somatosensory receptors respond to

A
  • exteroreceptive: touch/pressure (mechanical stimuli); temperature (thermal stimuli); pain
  • proprioceptive : body position
  • interoceptive: body condition (temp and blood pressure )
22
Q

ageusia

A

-inability to taste

23
Q

how is the somatosensory system organized

A

-Different types of receptors detect different types of somatosensory stimuli

  • some respond to pressure
  • some to being squish
24
Q

what does the homunculus tell us about the somatosensory system

A

a representation of the size of representation of the various size of our touch receptors

25
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A
  • cones: high acuity in good light/color

- rods: high sensitivity in dim lighting; in dark

26
Q

fovea

A

No receptors where the ganglion cell axons exit the eye into the optic nerve

27
Q

blindspot

A
  • At the center of the retina

- The high density of receptors allows high acuity –Sort of like increasing the number of pixels of resolution

28
Q

neural pathway from the retina to primary visual cortex

A

retina–>photoreceptors–>rods and cones–>optic nerve –> thalamus (LGN)–> primary auditory cortex

29
Q

retinotopic means ?

A

this little space stays next to this little piece of space while it travels to V1

-to get a proper view (unified view) of what is in front of us

30
Q

what is an on-center cell?

A
  • light in center: activated
  • light in surround: deactivated
  • light covering entire receptive field: not as active, inhibited
  • makes our visual system really good at detecting edges
31
Q

areas in the brain that process different kinds of visual info…motion? color?

A
  • motion: V5

- color:V4

32
Q

dorsal stream

A

WHERE

33
Q

ventral stream

A

WHAT

34
Q

what happens when parts of the primary visual cortex are damaged

A

f

35
Q

what happens when the primary visual cortex is completely destroyed

A

d

36
Q

achromatopsia

A
  • loss of color vision

- damage to V4

37
Q

akineetopsia

A
  • selective loss of motion perception

- damage to V5

38
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces

39
Q

what is multimodal perception? the McGurk effect

A

d

40
Q

what is synesthesia? cause

A

A disorder where the modality information gets mixed up

-People hear a color or taste a sound

PSC 135 (18 decks)

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