Chapter 2 part 2 Flashcards
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
autonomic and somatic
autonomic nervous system
- involuntary
- sends and receives information to regulate the autonomic behaviors of the body
-control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion
somatic nervous system
- voluntary
- sends sensory info to CNS
- sensory + motor input
autonomic nervous system subdivisions
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic
- fight or flight
- ramps up our system
parasympathetic
- rest and digest
- decreases functions
advantage of having the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
having two systems that do different functions increases the speed which helps us survive
grey matter
- cell bodies of our neurons
- Brain: outside
- Spinal cord: inside
white matter
- axons wrapped in myelin
- brain: inside
- Spinal cord: outside
what is a nerve
- a cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system
- large group of neurons
brainstem
-midbrain, pons, medulla
medulla
- responsible for vital reflexes and functions needed to stay alive
- respiration, heart beat
pons
-controls muscle movements/functions
- walking
- sleep/ arousal
cerebellum
- balance and coordination
- helps regulate motor movements
- important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
midbrain
- movement
- motor functions
- some visual and auditory = localization stuff
thalamus
- relay station for all sensory information
- except olfactory
hypothalamus
-four F’s: feeding, fighting, fleeing, sex
pituitary gland
produces hormones
corpus callosum
-connects the left and right hemispheres
limbic system
- group of structures involved emotions
- cingulatee gyrus, amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
- associated with motivation, emotion, drives, and aggression
hippocampus
-memory functions
amygdala
-involve with fear response
basal ganglia
- voluntary movement
- reward and learning
- motor control
-damage seen in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease
cerebral cortex
- whole layers outside of the brain
- made of gray matter (cell bodies)
- info processing
ventricles
- fluid filled spaces in the interior of the brain
- Hollow filled with CSF
- Cushion the interior of the brain
- Also helps get rid of waste
-With age and all sorts of disorders the ventricles get bigger
Due to loss of tissue so they take up the space
frontal lobe
- motor cortex, decision making, planning, impulse control, higher level thinking
- Humans have higher prefrontal cortex than all other species
parietal lobe
- posterior (behind) central sulcus
- Somatosensory (sense of touch)
- Visual association cortex = higher level visual processing
- Attention processing (visual, etc)
temporal lobe
- auditory functions
- Hippocampus = memory
- Olfactory (smell)
- Primary auditory cortex
occipital lobe
- towards the back of the head
- visual functions
- primary visual cortex
central sulcus
-separates frontal and parietal lobe
lateral (sylvan) fissure
separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe
longitudinal (interhemispheric) fissure
-a groove that separates the two hemispheres
primary sensory cortices (visual, etc.)
processing all touch information
gyrus (gyri)
a convulsion of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres,
sulci
-a groove that surface of the cerebral hemisphere
fissure
- major grooves in the surface of the brain
- larger than a sulcus
purpose of gyri, sulci, and fissures
increase the surface area of the brain to fit all the processing power into a small space
homunculus
- a representation of the various sizes in somatosensory cortex
- areas that are bigger: have more representation in cortex, have denser receptor fields, more receptors in our touch areas
2 additional names of primary visual cortex
- V1
- striate cortex
5 steps of neural development
- Induction of the Neural Plate
- Neural Proliferation
- Migration and Aggression
- Axon Growth and Synapse Formation
- Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement
neurogenesis …does it occur in the adult brain?
- growth of new neurons
- we do have growth of new neurons as adults, but is limited to the hippocampus
