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PSC 135 > 9: Memory Part 1 > Flashcards

9: Memory Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between memory and learning?

A
  • Learning: acquires new info, makes new synaptic connections
  • Memory: outcome of learning, how new info is stored in brain and reactivated
  • CAN’T be separated
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2
Q

Describe the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory.

A

sensory inputs –> sensory register –>with attention becomes short term storage –> with rehearsal becomes long term storage

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3
Q

iconic memory

A
  • visual
  • < 1 sec
  • a flash on retina
  • if we close our eyes, we can sort of see it
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4
Q

echoic memory

A
  • auditory
  • about 3 sec
  • we stored what was say at the beginning for a few secs
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5
Q

sensory memory duration, capacity

A
  • brief transient
  • 1 second
  • Duration: iconic and echoic
  • capacity: high
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6
Q

STM duration and capacity

A
  • seconds to minutes

- capacity: limited ; 7 +/- 2

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7
Q

LTM duration and capacity

A
  • 1 hr to lifetime

- capacity: high

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8
Q

What is working memory? Describe a lateralization theory of working memory.

A
  • A limited capacity store for retaining information over the short term (Maintenance) and for performing mental operations on the contents of this store (Manipulation)
  • More active form of short term memory

-May have hemispheric specialization:
○ Left hemisphere = Phonological loop
○ Right hemisphere = Visuospatial sketchpad

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9
Q

Describe a lateralization theory of working memory.

A
  • Working memory tends to happen in left hemisphere (verbal memory)
  • Right hemisphere = maintain orientation of something (spatial memory)
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10
Q

How many pieces of information can be held in short-term memory?

A
  • 7 +/- 2
  • 7 numbers, 7 words, 7 pics
  • Meaning we can remember 5 to 9 things at once
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11
Q

what is chunking

A

EX: 9168076528

  • 916 is a common area code so we group things into groups of three
  • Turning it into 3 chunks instead of numbers
  • grouping things together to remember better
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12
Q

LTM subdivisions

A
  • explicit (declarative)

- implicit (nondeclarative)

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13
Q

explicit

A

-memories we are conscious about and can talk/ explain

  • declarative
  • intentional
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14
Q

implicit

A
  • memories we are unconscious about and can’t explain

- nondeclarative

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15
Q

implicit is ______ (declaritve; nondeclarativez) while explicit is _____ (declaritve; nondeclarative)

A

nondeclarative; declarative

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16
Q

explicit subdivisions

A
  • semantic

- episodic

17
Q

semantic

A
  • facts

- Ex: remembering what foods are breakfast foods

18
Q

episodic

A
  • events
  • remembering the actual episode of the event happening
  • Ex: remembering what we had this morning for breakfast
19
Q

encoding …2 steps

A
  • Forming a memory’s representation in the brain
    1. Acquisition = Sensory stimuli make the cut into STM
    2. Consolidation = Changes in the brain stabilize a memory over time resulting in LTM
  • Turning a short term memory into a long term memory
20
Q

storage

A

maintaining information

21
Q

retrieval

A
  • Process of accessing stored memories

- Pulling a LTM into our active working memory

22
Q

recollection/ Recall

A
  • Retrieving information out of storage into your conscious awareness
  • Example: Fill in the blank on a test
  • Pulling that information out w/out a cue

○ More difficult

23
Q

familiarity/ recognition

A
  • Identifying items you previously learned
  • Example: Multiple-choice questions on a test
  • recognizing an answer
24
Q

relearning

A
  • Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time
  • Example: Studying for a final will be faster than studying the material the first time
  • Re-updating information much faster than we did the first time
25
Q

What is the serial position effect? Give an example.

A
  • We are much more likely to remember the 1st and last words on the list
  • Words in the middle = more harder to remember

EX: Better chance at remembering what happened as a child or young adult or last week , but harder to remember middle life events

26
Q

Describe the case study of HM. Was his short-term or long-term memory impaired? How about his declarative or nondeclarative memory? What did he teach us about memory and the MTL? What are some confounds with the study of HM?

A
  • remove medial temporal lobes (hippocampus, amygdala, some cortex)
  • HM was unable to make new long-term episodic memories, but remembered life events ~2 years prior to surgery (short-term memory was intact)
27
Q

HM :Was his short-term or long-term memory impaired? How about his declarative or nondeclarative memory? What did he teach us about memory and the MTL? What are some confounds with the study of HM?

A
  • long term memory impaired
  • nondeclarative intact, declarative impaired
  • medial temporal lobe is not involve in nondeclarative memory
28
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to remember events before, especially just before, the surgery or trauma

29
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Short term memory is intact but can’t store any new long-term memories

-more common

30
Q

infantile amnesia ….nature vs nurture explanations

A
  • Inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of 2–4 years
  • nature: Associated with progressive brain development, maybe brain hasn’t develop ability to stored memories, language is not yet developed
  • nurture: Cultural difference in the age at first memory, parenting style
31
Q

What structures in the brain are involved in declarative memory?

A
  • Medial temporal lobe

- hippocampus

32
Q

What structures in the brain are involved in nondeclarative memory?

A
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia
  • motor areas
33
Q

dementia

A
  • A loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, perception, verbal ability, and judgment
  • Multiple types: Alzheimer’s; cerebrovascular; fronto-temporal; Lewy body; semantic
34
Q

Describe the cause, symptoms for Alzheimer’s Disease.

A

-cause: Genetics, aging, education level, cerebrovascular, TBI, Alzheimer’s pathology builds over time
○ The higher education level = less likely
○ TBI = traumatic brain injury

  • Symptoms: Slowly progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death
  • Takes 10-15 years for body to fully shut down
35
Q

brain changes, and treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease.

A
  • Brain changes: Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, atrophy (especially in hippocampus)
  • Amyloid plaques build up= suffocate neurons and kill them off
  • Causes cell death starting in hippocampus, and then the whole brain

-Treatment: No cure, drugs to slow progression
○ Need to get treatment very early on

36
Q

PIB Imaging

A
  • There is a marker now called PIB for amyloid

- We all have amyloid in our brain, but builds faster in Alzheimer’s patients

37
Q

how does episodic memory change with age

A
  • Young people better at coming up with strategies to remember, HIGHER episodic memories storage
  • Damaging white matter = do more poorly on this task

PSC 135 (18 decks)

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