Chapter 5 Flashcards
seven steps to political equality
- group defines itself
- group challenges society
- they change the story
- federalism comes into play (state vs national laws and rights)
- executive branch breaks the ice (executive order)
- congress legislates a blockbuster
- it all ends up in court
who engineered the seven steps to political equality?
african americans
strict scrutiny
standard by which courts judge any legislation that singles out race or ethnicity
what three categories for reviewing court cases?
suspect, quasi-suspect, nonsuspect
suspect category?
any legislation involving race, ethnicity, religion, or alienage (immigration status); strict scrutiny, compelling interest
quasi-suspect category?
any legislation that introduces sex-based categories, must rest on an important state purpose
nonsuspect category?
no special scrutiny
abolition
demanded an immediate and unconditional end to slavery
Missouri COmpromise
northern territories = no slavery
west of Mississippi = slavery allowed
Compromise of 1850
left slavery up to the states to vote on
Dred Scott v. Sandford
black men could not be citizens
13th amendment?
abolished slavery, Emancipation Proclamation
14th amendment
anyone born in U.S. is a citizen, “equal protection of the laws”
15th amendment
voting rights can’t be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
reconstruction
the failed effort to establish racial equality after the civil war
literacy test
a requirement that voters be literate, a way to restrict black suffrage
Jim Crow
system of racial segregation in the south from 1890 to 1965, violently enforced
Plessy v. Ferguson
separate but equal
GreatMigration
vast movement of African American from south to north between 1910 and 1960
De jure discrimination
established by laws
de facto discrimination
subtle, exists without a legal bias, societal
Brown v. Board of Education
segregated schools unconstitutional
freedom riders
black and white activists who rode buses together to protest segregation on bus lines
free rider problem
a barrier to collective action because people who don’t participate still reap the benefits
affirmative action
direct steps to recruit members or previously underrepresented groups into schools and jobs
disproportionate impact
discriminatory effect of some policies even if discrimination is not intended
school busing
an effort to integrate public schools by mixing students from different neighborhoods
seneca falls convention
first convention dedicated to women’s rights in 1848
equal employment opportunity commission
federal law enforcement agency that monitors compliance with Civil Rights act
national organization for women
formed in 1966 to take action for women’s equality
equal rights amendment
passed in 1972 , equality shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex
class action
a lawsuit filed on behalf of an entire category of individuals
three categories of immigrants
- american citizens
- resident aliens
- undocumented individuals
racial profiling
a law enforcement practice of singling out people based on physical features
domestic dependent nation
special status that grants local sovereignty to tribal nations but does not grant them full sovereignty equivalent to independent nations
section 504
obscure
