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Microbiology > Chapter 5-7 Worksheet > Flashcards

Chapter 5-7 Worksheet Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

(Glycolysis) Fuel molecules broken down in glycolysis

A

Glucose

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2
Q

(Glycolysis) Carries electrons and H+ from oxidation of glucose

A

NADH

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3
Q

(Glycolysis) Invested to energize glucose molecules at the start of the process

A

ATP

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3
Q

(Glycolysis) Glucose is converted to 2 molecules of this.

A

pyruvate

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4
Q

(Glycolysis) A substance that is reduced as glucose is oxidized

A

NAD+

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5
Q

(Glycolysis) Not involved in glycolysis

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

(Glycolysis) Where in the cell glycolysis takes place

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

(Glycolysis) When an enzyme transfers a phosphate from a substrate to ADP.

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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8
Q

(Glycolysis) Two molecules of ATP are invested to produce fructose 1,6-biphosphate

A

Energy investment phase

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9
Q

(Glycolysis) The glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules (G3P and DHAP).

A

Lysis stage

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10
Q

(Glycolysis) NAD+ is reduced, 4 ATP and two pyruvate molecules are produced.

A

Energy conservation stage

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11
Q

(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) NADH is reduced to NAD during this stage (NAD+ is reduced to NADH). T/F

A

False

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12
Q

(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) This step produced ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation (this step does not produce ATP T/F

A

False

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13
Q

(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) A decarboxylation step releases CO2. T/F

A

True

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14
Q

(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) NADH is released T/F

A

True

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15
Q

(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) Pyruvate acid (pyruvate) is converted to acetyl-CoA. T/F

A

True

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16
Q

(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA. T/F

A

True

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17
Q

(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) NAD+ serves as the electron donor (serves as electron carrier) T/F

A

False

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18
Q

(The Krebs cycle) Located in the cytosol of both types of cells. (only in prokaryotic cells but in eukaryotic cells takes place in the mitochondria) T/F

A

False

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19
Q

(The Krebs cycle) The electron donor is acetyl-CoA. T/F

A

True

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20
Q

(The Krebs cycle) Requires NAD+ and FAD electron carries T/F

A

True

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21
Q

(The Krebs cycle) Produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. (by substrate-level phosphorylation) T/F

A

False

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22
Q

(The Krebs cycle) There are six types of reactions: anabolism, isomerization, redox reaction, decarboxylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and hydration. T/F

A
  1. True
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23
Q

(The Krebs cycle) Requires CO2. (produces CO2) T/F

A

False

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24
Q

(The Krebs cycle) Helps in the identification of microbial cells T/F

A

True

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25
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) Located in the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells, T/F

A

True

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26
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, T/F

A

True

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27
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) Produces NADH, FADH2. (produces NAD and FAD – in this step, the electron carriers become oxidized T/F.

A

False

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28
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) Requires electron acceptors (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate). T/F

A

True

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29
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) The energy of the electrons is used to transport protons (H+) across the cytosol. (across the membrane T/F

A

False

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30
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) The movement of protons establishes a proton gradient that generates ATP via chemiosmosis. T/F

A

True

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31
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) Produces ATP and CO2 by oxidative phosphorylation. (produces ATP but not CO2) T/F

A

False

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32
Q

(Electron Transport Chain) Helps in the identification of microbial cells. T/F

A

True

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33
Q

(Fermentation) Located in the mitochondria of both types of cells. (in the cytosol) T/F

A

False

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34
Q

(Fermentation) Occurs in the absence of the electron acceptor in the ETC (oxygen, oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate). T/F

A

True

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35
Q

(Fermentation) It is the complete oxidation of sugars to release energy. (incomplete or partial) T/F

A

False

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36
Q

(Fermentation) Requires NADH from glycolysis. T/F

A

True

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37
Q

(Fermentation) Uses inorganic molecules as electron acceptors. (organic molecules) T/F

A

False

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38
Q

(Fermentation) Examples: Alcohol fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation T/F

A

True

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38
Q

(Fermentation) The main goal is to oxidize NADH to NAD+ for glycolysis. T/F

A

True

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39
Q

(Fermentation) Produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. T/F

A

True

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40
Q

(Fermentation) Helps in the identification of microbial cells. T/F

A

True

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41
Q

(Other Catabolic Pathways) Lipids and proteins can be oxidized for energy production. T/F

A

True

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42
Q

(Other Catabolic Pathways) Lipid catabolism requires a deamination reaction. (requires beta-oxidation reaction T/F

A

False

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43
Q

(Other Catabolic Pathways) Protein catabolism requires a beta-oxidation reaction. (requires a deamination reaction) T/F

A

False

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44
Q

(Other Catabolic Pathways) Deamination is the removal of an amino group in an amino acid. T.F

A

True

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45
Q

(Other Catabolic Pathways) Both lipid and protein catabolism help in the identification of microbial cells T/F

A

True

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46
Q

Use carbon dioxide as a carbon
source and light energy

A

Photoautotrophs

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47
Q

Use carbon dioxide as a carbon
source but use inorganic molecules
for energy.

A

Chemoautotrophs

48
Q

Photosynthetic organisms that
require energy from light and
acquire nutrients through organic
compounds.

A

Photoheterotrophs

49
Q

Examples are: Most animals, fungi,
protozoa, many bacteria, and
human pathogens.

A

Chemoheterotrophs

50
Q

They require oxygen as a final
electron acceptor during cellular
respiration.

A

Obligate aerobes

51
Q

They lack the enzyme: catalase,
superoxide dismutase, and
peroxidase.

A

Obligate anaerobes

52
Q

They can live with or without
oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

53
Q

Enzymes present in obligate aerobes
and facultative anaerobes.

A

Catalase, superoxide
dismutase, and peroxidase

54
Q

In nature, these organisms will be
found in snowfields, ice, and cold
water.

A

Psychrophiles

55
Q

Growth best at temperatures
ranging from 20C to 40C
(examples: most human pathogens)

A

Mesophiles

56
Q

Organisms that grow best in acidic
conditions.

A

Acidophiles

57
Q

They live in alkaline soils and water
up to pH 11.5 (example: Vibrio
cholera)

A

Alkalinophiles

58
Q

Organisms that require high osmotic
pressure and will spoil salted cod.

A

Obligate halophiles

59
Q

They do not require but can tolerate
high osmotic pressure and will spoil
salted cod.

A

Facultative halophiles

60
Q

It is a symbiotic relationship in which
two different species interact with
and in some cases, totally rely on
one another for survival.

A

Mutualistic

61
Q

Communities of cells attached to
surfaces and an example of a
nonsymbiotic relationship.

A

Biofilms

62
Q

A close ecological relationship
between the individuals of two (or
more) different species.

A

Symbiotic relationship

63
Q

Organisms that live under extreme
hydrostatic pressure.

A

Barophiles

64
Q

Binary fission generates genetically diverse cells T/F.

A

False (produces identical cells due to
step number 1: replication of the genetic information)

65
Q

Binary fission requires four basic steps. T/F

A

True

66
Q

Four steps of binary fission.

A
  1. replication of the genetic information (this step produces identical cells)
  2. cell elongation
  3. formation of new cell wall and new cytoplasmic membrane (septum formation)
  4. the two daughter cells separate completely
67
Q

Binary fission is a type of sexual reproduction T/F

A

False (asexual reproduction)

68
Q

Generation time is the time required for a single cell to perform cellular respiration and divide T/F.

A

False (generation time does not relate to cellular respiration).

69
Q

Binary fission leads to exponential growth or arithmetic growth T/F.

A

False (exponential growth or logarithmic growth).

70
Q

The number of cells arising from a single cell by binary fission can be calculated as 2n T/F.

A

True

71
Q

To calculate the total number of cells in a population, we add the original number of cells in a population to 2n. T/F

A

False (Is a multiplication).
Total number of cells in a population = (original number of cells) X (2n).

72
Q

A growth curve is a graph that plots the number of organisms growing in a population over time. T/F

A

True

73
Q

A typical microbial growth curve has four phases.

A

True

74
Q

A chemostat allows researchers and industrialists to maintain a culture in a particular stage, typically the lag phase T/F

A

False (log phase).

75
Q

In which growth phase of a culture are the bacteria most sensitive to antibiotics?

A

Log phase

76
Q

In which growth phase of culture would a spore-forming bacteria start making the spores?

A

Stationary phase

77
Q

In which growth phase of a culture are the bacteria dividing at a very high rate?

A

Log phase (has the shortest generation time)

78
Q

Which growth phases would not occur if the culture was kept in a chemostat?

A

Stationary and death phase. The chemostat maintains the culture in the Log phase.

79
Q

By default, they are ON until turned OFF by the presence of excess of end products.

A

Repressible Operons

80
Q

An example is the lactose operon.

A

Inducible Operons

81
Q

An example is the tryptophan operon.

A

Repressible Operons

82
Q

A repressor has to bind to the operator in order for the operon to be turned off

A

(REPRESSIBLE)

83
Q

Regulates catabolic pathways

A

inducible Operons

84
Q

Regulates anabolic pathways

A

Repressible Operons

85
Q

A promoter, a repressor, and an operator are the parts of the operon to make an on-off switch to regulate
transcription

A

BOTH

86
Q

In the absence of the substrate (inducer): the repressor protein is active (on), and the operon is inactive
(off)

A

Inducible Operons

87
Q

In absence of end products: the repressor protein is inactive (off), and the operon is active (on)

A

Repressible Operons

88
Q

In presence of sufficient quantities of the end product: repressor protein is active (on), and the operon is inactive (off)

A

Repressible Operons

89
Q

In presence of substrate (lactose): repressor protein is inactive (off), and operon is active (on)

A

Inducible Operons

90
Q

by default, they are OFF until turned ON in presence of the substrate (lactose)

A

Inducible Operons

91
Q

Recipient cells lack an F plasmid and, therefore, have no pili.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation

92
Q

Transducing phage will inject donor DNA into a new host cell (recipient).

A

Transduction

93
Q

Donor cells can be known as F+ cells.

A

Conjugation

94
Q

Genes for antibiotic resistant can be transferred by this method.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction

95
Q

Genes for capsule production can be transferred by this method.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction

96
Q

This type of gene transfer allows related species of bacteria that may be living far apart to share genes.

A

Transduction

97
Q

The end result is two F+ cells.

A

Conjugation

98
Q

Donor cell lyses, releasing transducing phage.

A

Transduction

99
Q

A pilus is not involved.

A

Transformation, Transduction

100
Q

classical experiment by Fredrick Griffith showed that bacterial could gain new pathological features by
this type of gene transfer

A

Transformation

101
Q

Produces a transducing phage.

A

Transduction

102
Q

F plasmid is integrated into the donor cellular chromosome.

A

Hfr Conjugation

103
Q

Type of horizontal transfer.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction

104
Q

A donor cell is a dead cell.

A

Transformation

105
Q

The recipient cell takes up “naked DNA” from the environment.

A

Transformation

106
Q

The end result is one Hfr cell and one F- cell.

A

Hfr Conjugation

107
Q

The recipient cell acquires some chromosomal genes from the donor cell.

A

Hfr Conjugation

108
Q

Requires a replication virus (example: bacteriophage).

A

Transduction

109
Q

The donor cell remains alive.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation

110
Q

an important tool in genetic engineering

A

Transformation

111
Q

It can transfer genes that encodes for bacteria toxins

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction

112
Q

The recipient cell does not have to be the same bacterial species.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation

113
Q

Donor’s DNA crosses the cell wall through an absorption process.

A

Transformation

114
Q

A part of the donor cell’s fragmenting genome can accidently get packed into a phage particle in place of
the necessary phage DNA

A

Transduction

115
Q

Requires physical contact between donor and recipient cells.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation

116
Q

Is mediated by pili or sex pili.

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation

117
Q

Type of genetic transfer

A

Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction

118
Q

Require a competent cell.

A

Transformation

Microbiology (23 decks)

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