Chapter 5-7 Worksheet Flashcards
1
Q
(Glycolysis) Fuel molecules broken down in glycolysis
A
Glucose
2
Q
(Glycolysis) Carries electrons and H+ from oxidation of glucose
A
NADH
3
Q
(Glycolysis) Invested to energize glucose molecules at the start of the process
A
ATP
3
Q
(Glycolysis) Glucose is converted to 2 molecules of this.
A
pyruvate
4
Q
(Glycolysis) A substance that is reduced as glucose is oxidized
A
NAD+
5
Q
(Glycolysis) Not involved in glycolysis
A
Oxygen
6
Q
(Glycolysis) Where in the cell glycolysis takes place
A
Cytosol
7
Q
(Glycolysis) When an enzyme transfers a phosphate from a substrate to ADP.
A
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
8
Q
(Glycolysis) Two molecules of ATP are invested to produce fructose 1,6-biphosphate
A
Energy investment phase
9
Q
(Glycolysis) The glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules (G3P and DHAP).
A
Lysis stage
10
Q
(Glycolysis) NAD+ is reduced, 4 ATP and two pyruvate molecules are produced.
A
Energy conservation stage
11
Q
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) NADH is reduced to NAD during this stage (NAD+ is reduced to NADH). T/F
A
False
12
Q
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) This step produced ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation (this step does not produce ATP T/F
A
False
13
Q
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) A decarboxylation step releases CO2. T/F
A
True
14
Q
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) NADH is released T/F
A
True
15
Q
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) Pyruvate acid (pyruvate) is converted to acetyl-CoA. T/F
A
True
16
Q
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA. T/F
A
True
17
Q
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA) NAD+ serves as the electron donor (serves as electron carrier) T/F
A
False
18
Q
(The Krebs cycle) Located in the cytosol of both types of cells. (only in prokaryotic cells but in eukaryotic cells takes place in the mitochondria) T/F
A
False
19
Q
(The Krebs cycle) The electron donor is acetyl-CoA. T/F
A
True
20
Q
(The Krebs cycle) Requires NAD+ and FAD electron carries T/F
A
True
21
Q
(The Krebs cycle) Produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. (by substrate-level phosphorylation) T/F
A
False
22
Q
(The Krebs cycle) There are six types of reactions: anabolism, isomerization, redox reaction, decarboxylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and hydration. T/F
A
- True
23
Q
(The Krebs cycle) Requires CO2. (produces CO2) T/F
A
False
24
(The Krebs cycle) Helps in the identification of microbial cells T/F
True
25
(Electron Transport Chain) Located in the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells, T/F
True
26
(Electron Transport Chain) Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, T/F
True
27
(Electron Transport Chain) Produces NADH, FADH2. (produces NAD and FAD – in this step, the electron carriers become oxidized T/F.
False
28
(Electron Transport Chain) Requires electron acceptors (oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate). T/F
True
29
(Electron Transport Chain) The energy of the electrons is used to transport protons (H+) across the cytosol. (across the membrane T/F
False
30
(Electron Transport Chain) The movement of protons establishes a proton gradient that generates ATP via chemiosmosis. T/F
True
31
(Electron Transport Chain) Produces ATP and CO2 by oxidative phosphorylation. (produces ATP but not CO2) T/F
False
32
(Electron Transport Chain) Helps in the identification of microbial cells. T/F
True
33
(Fermentation) Located in the mitochondria of both types of cells. (in the cytosol) T/F
False
34
(Fermentation) Occurs in the absence of the electron acceptor in the ETC (oxygen, oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate). T/F
True
35
(Fermentation) It is the complete oxidation of sugars to release energy. (incomplete or partial) T/F
False
36
(Fermentation) Requires NADH from glycolysis. T/F
True
37
(Fermentation) Uses inorganic molecules as electron acceptors. (organic molecules) T/F
False
38
(Fermentation) Examples: Alcohol fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation T/F
True
38
(Fermentation) The main goal is to oxidize NADH to NAD+ for glycolysis. T/F
True
39
(Fermentation) Produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. T/F
True
40
(Fermentation) Helps in the identification of microbial cells. T/F
True
41
(Other Catabolic Pathways) Lipids and proteins can be oxidized for energy production. T/F
True
42
(Other Catabolic Pathways) Lipid catabolism requires a deamination reaction. (requires beta-oxidation reaction T/F
False
43
(Other Catabolic Pathways) Protein catabolism requires a beta-oxidation reaction. (requires a deamination reaction) T/F
False
44
(Other Catabolic Pathways) Deamination is the removal of an amino group in an amino acid. T.F
True
45
(Other Catabolic Pathways) Both lipid and protein catabolism help in the identification of microbial cells T/F
True
46
Use carbon dioxide as a carbon
source and light energy
Photoautotrophs
47
Use carbon dioxide as a carbon
source but use inorganic molecules
for energy.
Chemoautotrophs
48
Photosynthetic organisms that
require energy from light and
acquire nutrients through organic
compounds.
Photoheterotrophs
49
Examples are: Most animals, fungi,
protozoa, many bacteria, and
human pathogens.
Chemoheterotrophs
50
They require oxygen as a final
electron acceptor during cellular
respiration.
Obligate aerobes
51
They lack the enzyme: catalase,
superoxide dismutase, and
peroxidase.
Obligate anaerobes
52
They can live with or without
oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
53
Enzymes present in obligate aerobes
and facultative anaerobes.
Catalase, superoxide
dismutase, and peroxidase
54
In nature, these organisms will be
found in snowfields, ice, and cold
water.
Psychrophiles
55
Growth best at temperatures
ranging from 20C to 40C
(examples: most human pathogens)
Mesophiles
56
Organisms that grow best in acidic
conditions.
Acidophiles
57
They live in alkaline soils and water
up to pH 11.5 (example: Vibrio
cholera)
Alkalinophiles
58
Organisms that require high osmotic
pressure and will spoil salted cod.
Obligate halophiles
59
They do not require but can tolerate
high osmotic pressure and will spoil
salted cod.
Facultative halophiles
60
It is a symbiotic relationship in which
two different species interact with
and in some cases, totally rely on
one another for survival.
Mutualistic
61
Communities of cells attached to
surfaces and an example of a
nonsymbiotic relationship.
Biofilms
62
A close ecological relationship
between the individuals of two (or
more) different species.
Symbiotic relationship
63
Organisms that live under extreme
hydrostatic pressure.
Barophiles
64
Binary fission generates genetically diverse cells T/F.
False (produces identical cells due to
step number 1: replication of the genetic information)
65
Binary fission requires four basic steps. T/F
True
66
Four steps of binary fission.
1. replication of the genetic information (this step produces identical cells)
2. cell elongation
3. formation of new cell wall and new cytoplasmic membrane (septum formation)
4. the two daughter cells separate completely
67
Binary fission is a type of sexual reproduction T/F
False (asexual reproduction)
68
Generation time is the time required for a single cell to perform cellular respiration and divide T/F.
False (generation time does not relate to cellular respiration).
69
Binary fission leads to exponential growth or arithmetic growth T/F.
False (exponential growth or logarithmic growth).
70
The number of cells arising from a single cell by binary fission can be calculated as 2n T/F.
True
71
To calculate the total number of cells in a population, we add the original number of cells in a population to 2n. T/F
False (Is a multiplication).
Total number of cells in a population = (original number of cells) X (2n).
72
A growth curve is a graph that plots the number of organisms growing in a population over time. T/F
True
73
A typical microbial growth curve has four phases.
True
74
A chemostat allows researchers and industrialists to maintain a culture in a particular stage, typically the lag phase T/F
False (log phase).
75
In which growth phase of a culture are the bacteria most sensitive to antibiotics?
Log phase
76
In which growth phase of culture would a spore-forming bacteria start making the spores?
Stationary phase
77
In which growth phase of a culture are the bacteria dividing at a very high rate?
Log phase (has the shortest generation time)
78
Which growth phases would not occur if the culture was kept in a chemostat?
Stationary and death phase. The chemostat maintains the culture in the Log phase.
79
By default, they are ON until turned OFF by the presence of excess of end products.
Repressible Operons
80
An example is the lactose operon.
Inducible Operons
81
An example is the tryptophan operon.
Repressible Operons
82
A repressor has to bind to the operator in order for the operon to be turned off
(REPRESSIBLE)
83
Regulates catabolic pathways
inducible Operons
84
Regulates anabolic pathways
Repressible Operons
85
A promoter, a repressor, and an operator are the parts of the operon to make an on-off switch to regulate
transcription
BOTH
86
In the absence of the substrate (inducer): the repressor protein is active (on), and the operon is inactive
(off)
Inducible Operons
87
In absence of end products: the repressor protein is inactive (off), and the operon is active (on)
Repressible Operons
88
In presence of sufficient quantities of the end product: repressor protein is active (on), and the operon is inactive (off)
Repressible Operons
89
In presence of substrate (lactose): repressor protein is inactive (off), and operon is active (on)
Inducible Operons
90
by default, they are OFF until turned ON in presence of the substrate (lactose)
Inducible Operons
91
Recipient cells lack an F plasmid and, therefore, have no pili.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation
92
Transducing phage will inject donor DNA into a new host cell (recipient).
Transduction
93
Donor cells can be known as F+ cells.
Conjugation
94
Genes for antibiotic resistant can be transferred by this method.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction
95
Genes for capsule production can be transferred by this method.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction
96
This type of gene transfer allows related species of bacteria that may be living far apart to share genes.
Transduction
97
The end result is two F+ cells.
Conjugation
98
Donor cell lyses, releasing transducing phage.
Transduction
99
A pilus is not involved.
Transformation, Transduction
100
classical experiment by Fredrick Griffith showed that bacterial could gain new pathological features by
this type of gene transfer
Transformation
101
Produces a transducing phage.
Transduction
102
F plasmid is integrated into the donor cellular chromosome.
Hfr Conjugation
103
Type of horizontal transfer.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction
104
A donor cell is a dead cell.
Transformation
105
The recipient cell takes up “naked DNA” from the environment.
Transformation
106
The end result is one Hfr cell and one F- cell.
Hfr Conjugation
107
The recipient cell acquires some chromosomal genes from the donor cell.
Hfr Conjugation
108
Requires a replication virus (example: bacteriophage).
Transduction
109
The donor cell remains alive.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation
110
an important tool in genetic engineering
Transformation
111
It can transfer genes that encodes for bacteria toxins
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction
112
The recipient cell does not have to be the same bacterial species.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation
113
Donor’s DNA crosses the cell wall through an absorption process.
Transformation
114
A part of the donor cell’s fragmenting genome can accidently get packed into a phage particle in place of
the necessary phage DNA
Transduction
115
Requires physical contact between donor and recipient cells.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation
116
Is mediated by pili or sex pili.
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation
117
Type of genetic transfer
Conjugation, Hfr Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction
118
Require a competent cell.
Transformation
