Chapter 10 worksheet Flashcards
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Antimicrobial Example
- Penicillin
- Bacitracin
- Cephalosporins
Structure or metabolism targeted in microbe (prokaryotic cell)
- CELL WALL
Structure or metabolism targeted in the host
(eukaryotic cell)
- NONE
Selective Toxicity (Low or High)
Microbe
- High
Host
- Low
Does this mode of action show selective
toxicity? (Yes or No)
- Yes
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Antimicrobial Examples
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Antisence
- nucleic acids
Structure or metabolism targeted in microbe
(prokaryotic cell)
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Structure or metabolism targeted in
the host (eukaryotic cell)
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Selective Toxicity (Low or High)
Microbe
- HIGH
Host
- HIGH
Does this mode of action show selective
toxicity? (Yes or No)
- No
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membrane
Antimicrobial Examples
- Polymyxins
- Polyenes
Structure or metabolism
targeted in microbe (prokaryotic cell)
- Cytoplasmic membranes
Structure or metabolism targeted in the host
(eukaryotic cell)
- Cytoplasmic membranes
Selective Toxicity (Low or High)
Microbe
- HIGH
Host
- HIGH
Does this mode of action show selective
toxicity? (Yes or No)
- No
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways
Antimicrobial Examples
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethropim
- Dapsone
Structure or metabolism targeted in
microbe (prokaryotic cell)
- General Metabolic Pathway
Structure or metabolism
targeted in the host (eukaryotic cell)
- General Metabolic Pathway
Selective Toxicity (Low or High)
Microbe
- HIGH
Host
- HIGH Except: Sulfona mides
Does this mode of action show selective
toxicity? (Yes or No)
- No
Inhibition of DNA and RNA Synthesis
Antimicrobial Examples
- Actinomycin
- Nucleotides
- Analogs
- Quinolones
Structure or metabolism targeted in
microbe (prokaryotic cell)
- DNA and RNA Synthesis
Structure or metabolism targeted in the host
(eukaryotic cell)
- DNA and RNA Synthesis
Selective Toxicity (Low or High)
Microbe
- HIGH
Host
- HIGH
Does this mode of action show selective
toxicity? (Yes or No)
- No
Inhibition of Pathogen Attachment
or Entry
Antimicrobial Examples
- Arildone
- Pleconaril
Structure or metabolism
targeted in microbe (prokaryotic cell)
- Glycoproteins (Example: Spikes)
Structure or metabolism targeted in
the host (eukaryotic cell)
- Receptors
Selective Toxicity (Low or High)
Microbe
- HIGH
Host
- HIGH
Does this mode of action show selective
toxicity? (Yes or No)
- No
Examples include methicillin and C, which Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol imipenem.
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Blocking the binding of tRNA to ribosome A-site), ex. Tetracyclines
inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Competitive inhibition (PABA analog-
ex. Sulfa drugs)
Inhibition of General Metabolic
Pathways
Examples include lipoglycopeptides (vancomycin)
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Blocking the formation of peptide bonds
(ex. Chloramphenicol)
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Interfering with particular alanine- alanine bridges that link NAM subunits (ex Lipoglycopeptides)
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Nucleotide analogs (ex. AZT)
Inhibition of DNA and RNA Synthesis
Binds to ergosterol in fungal membranes (ex. Polyenes).
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
Preventing the cross-linkage of NAM (ex. Beta-lactams: Penicillin, cephalosporin and carbapenems)
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Inhibits DNA gyrase (ex. Quinolones).
Inhibition of DNA and RNA Synthesis
Binding to the 50S subunit
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Bacitracin blocks the transport of NAG and NAM across the cytoplasmic membrane to the wall
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Prevents attachment and entry of
virus
Inhibition of Pathogen’s Attachment
or Entry into the Host
Binds to bacterial RNA polymerase.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Prevents removal of capsid
(uncoating)
Inhibition of Pathogen’s Attachment
or Entry into the Host
Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol (ex. Azoles)
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
Disrupt the formation of mycolic acid (ex. Isoniazid)
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Change the shape of the 30S subunit (ex. Aminoglycosides- gentamicin)
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Inhibition of the enzyme that synthesizes glucan in the fungal cell walls (ex Echinocandins)
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Antisense nucleic acids
inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Blocking initiation of transcription.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
They act as antimetabolic agents.
Inhibition of General Metabolic
Pathways
Block enzyme necessary for HIV replication (ex. Protease inhibitors).
Inhibition of General Metabolic
Pathways
Examples include nucleotide analogs or nucleoside analogs.
Inhibition of DNA and RNA Synthesis
Attachment antagonists (ex. Pleconaril).
Inhibition of Pathogen’s Attachment
or Entry into the Host
Development of Drug-resistant strains:
A bacterial population has both drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cells, but antimicrobial drugs inhibit most drug-sensitive cells, reducing competition and allowing drug-resistant cells to grow more rapidly. Antimicrobial drugs don’t create resistance but select for resistant cells already present in the population.
Spread of drug-resistant genes:
Some bacteria transfer the drug-resistant genes to other bacteria by horizontal gene transfer
(transformation, conjugation, transduction).