Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes Flashcards
List and describe the six groups of microorganisms.
Bacteria
* Prokaryotic
* Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan
* Lack nuclei
* Reproduce A sexually
Fungi
* Eukaryotic
* Obtain food from other organisms
* Have a cell wall
* Molds and yeast
Algae
* Eukaryotes
* Photosynthetic
* Single and Multicellular
* Green in color
* Near-surface of fresh and saltwater
* Rigid cell walls but no peptidoglycan
Protozoa
* Eukaryotes
* First animals
* Live in water
Virus
* Not cells, nor are they prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
Helminth
* Parasitic worms
* Flukes, roundworms, tapeworms
Explain why protozoa, algae, and nonmicrobial parasitic worms are studied in microbiology.
Protozoa, Algae, and non-microbial parasitic worms are studied because they can cause disease.
Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotic organisms lack nuclei, and their genes are not surrounded by a membrane.
In eukaryotic organisms, each of their cells contains a nucleus, and their genetic material is surrounded by a membrane
Who Suspected that cholera was spread by a contaminating agent in water? His study was the foundation of infection control and epidemiology.
John Snow
Who Surveyed many chemicals to find a “magic bullet” that would destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans. His discoveries began the branch of chemotherapy. In 1901 developed compound 401 which prevented against Trypanosoma
Paul Ehrlich
Who Disproved once and for all the spontaneous generation theory by using flasks with Sshaped necks. Find out what causes fermentation and start the process of pasteurization. Began the
field of biotechnology, biochemistry, and food microbiology.
Louis Pasteur
Who Built a more advanced microscope? Discovered the three basic bacterial
shapes.Considered the father of the modern science of microscopy.
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
Who Developed a system in the 18th century for naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. Every group of similar living things was given a generic name, genus and a specific epithet that represents only one type of organism within that group. Proposed all names of living things be in Latin. Father of the modern science of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Who Filled bottles with broth that spoiled quickly and left them open for cooling? After this, he sealed some of them with cork and later found that both bottles were cloudy, leading him to believe
spontaneous generation occurred
John Needham
Who Performed an experiment disproved Pasteur’s theory that fermentation reactions were strictly chemical and didn’t involve living organisms. He showed that fermentation did not require living cells and presented enzymes. Began the field of biochemistry
Eduard Buchner
Who Began the field of etiology by trying to figure out the cause of anthrax? Discovered the first photomicrograph of bacteria. Began the isolation method by taking specimens from disease
victims and smeared them onto a solid surface and waiting for bacteria and fungi to multiply. Formed Koch’s postulates, step to take to prove the cause of any infectious disease.
Robert Koch
Who Tested the theory that cowpox, a mild disease, could treat smallpox? He gave a boy 4 I pus from a milkmaid cowpox lesion, and the boy developed cowpox, which he recovered from. He
was then given smallpox pus, and Jenner found he became immune to it. Began the field of immunology.
Edward Jenner
Who began requiring medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime
water after he suspected they were passing cadaver particles to patients. Mortality rates dropped from
18.3% to 1.3%, but was still ridiculed by the director of the hospital and was forced to leave
Ignaz Semmelweis
Who Introduced cleanliness and antiseptic techniques into nursing? Set hygiene standards that saved many soldiers’ lives during the Crimean War. Founded the Nightingale School for Nurses.
Florence Nightingale
Who Developed in 1884. Involves the application of a series of dyes, which either leaves microbes pink (negative) or purple (positive
Hans C. Gram
Identify the contributions of microorganisms to our daily life.
Food production
* Fermentation
* Production of sauces
Biotechnology
* Antibiotic production
* Enzyme production
Environmental Cleanup
* Bioremediation
* Decomposition
Digestive System
* Gut Microbiota
Medical Applications
* Probiotics
* Vaccines
Agriculture
* Pest Control
* Nitrogen fixation
Waste Treatment
* Sewage Treatment
Research and Industry
* Genetic engineering
* Research tools
Identify the scientists and their contribution in favor and against of spontaneous generation—experiments of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur.
Needham: did a broth experiment to prove the theory of spontaneous generation.
Spallanzani: correctly did Needham’s broth experiments to disprove spontaneous generation
Pasteur: created aseptic techniques that are now used in hospitals and labs everywhere
Redi: demonstrated that when decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed
Know the major contributions made by Koch to the field of Microbiology.
Discovers bacillus anthrasis prove that specific microbes cause a specific disease
1. The microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals
2. The microorganism must be cultured from the diseased individual
3. Inoculation of a healthy individual with the cultured microorganism must recapitulate the disease
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original microorganism.
identify the contribution of Semmelweis, List, and Nightingale in the area of public health microbiology and epidemiology.
-Semmelweis: Women were dying of childbirth by puerperal fever, so he began requiring medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water
- Lister: although Semmelweis wasn’t accepted, lister became the founder of antiseptic surgery and opened research to antisepsis and disinfection
-Nightingale exerted political pressure to reform hospitals and implement public health policies. She founded the Nightingale School for nurses
