Chapter 5 Flashcards
Medieval Period
500-1400
Romanesque time
500-1100
Gothic Time
1100-1400
Key figures of medieval times
St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Francis (founded monks), Dante (Thinker)
labor union roots
come from guilds
main constructions of medieval times
churches and castles/fortresses
who directed church contruction
monks
sole patron of the arts in medieval times
Church
guiding philosophy
otherworldliness, unlike Greece and Rome
core of Christianity
doctrine of salvation
Core value of medieval religion
life to be endured, not enjoyed
main virtue
poverty
tool of devil
worldly goods
main movement of MA
monasticism
most time of monks spent
prayer, labor, intellectual study
monks’ vows
poverty, obedience, industry, chastity
why a vow of labor?
reduces passion
Christians condemned what culture
Greek
heretical treatment
torture or burning; get out of this by repenting and do penance. “Those who believed heretical doctrines were burned at the stake”
Greek writers banned
Plato and Aristotle
purpose of feudalism
stability and protection. Political, social, economic system
literacy
only monks
secular wealth
feudal lords
who were often bishops and archbishops
most powerful feudal lords
who gave feudal lords power
church
Medieval Art function
religious (didactic)
influence of MA
church (style/subject)
purpose of MA
teach illiterate bible stories
control over MA
all church, no artists
2nd Council of Nicaea
787 church controls substance of religious scenes, binding for 500 years
Strict conventions of MA
crucifixion: mother on right, St. John on left;
soldier pierced on left side;
Jesus’s halo had a cross, saints only halo;
God, Jesus, angels had bare feet;
Peter short beard, Paul long beard and bald.
purpose: clear communication
Medieval Cathedral structure
subject to style and decoration conventions
floor plan
Latin cross
liturgy
formal service of worship, determined style of builders
Chancel
area in front where priest was, separating altar and choirs from congregation (facing east)
number 3
Trinity–triple arches, triple meter
Relics
believed to perform miracles–attracted many pilgrims
around the chancel
passage called ambulatory, around the apse, which is the circle on top
common people during worship
given rosary to say prayers, since they didn’t know Latin
music function
religious
Medieval music characteristics
simple and unpretentious and vocal and monophonic
most important musical aspect
text
mandorla
emanating ring of radiance around Jesus
centers of wealth and social organizatoin
monasteries
Romanesque influences
Byzantine, Roman, Carolingian, (Ottoman)
Romanesque–term
style influenced mainly by Romans marked by stark simplicity and rounded arch
Europe could give attention to arts/had a new civilization because
law and order restored and barbarians are defeated
Vital to new artistic spirit
roads in N. Europe, fostering trade and commerce
peacetime causes of Romaneque art
roads, barbarians, feudalism, economic stability
Romanesque builders
monks/friars
Romanesque arch origins
from Romans, from Etruscans
gloomy atmosphere of Romanesque monasteries
gave spirit of quiet renunciation and presence of God
Romanesque, unlike Byzantium
had no brilliant color and sensuous expression
Notre Dame (Poitiers)
triple arches of facade suggest Trinity, many little imperfections symbolize otherworldliness, not organic, not for beauty but retreat to find presence of God
San Ambragio, Milan
Nave is central isle, has bays held up by piers
Greek v. Romanesque
Greek is open, graceful, peace and repose. Romanesque is heavy and dark, haven from harsh life, shut out outside world
Romanesque sculpture purpose
didactic
RS seen also as
architectural
RS stylization
emaciated and elongated, since they deny pleasures of life
Why didn’t Romanesque sculpture need realism
people denied the real world
above door and below arch
tympanum, had relief, figures of faith symbols denying pleasure.
Romanesque Painting
didactic
where are the Romanesque paintings go
burned and rotted on wood
popular painting topic
crucifixion
Santa Maria del Antiqua
crucifixion painting, Christ elongated to show denial of flesh and suffering
Romanesque cathedral video
maximize floor space, buttress is a pier holding up arches
nave has 7 bays. floors are arcade, gallery, then clerestory lit the church
Romanesque music connected to
worship
types of texts
Scriptural
music ordered to
liturgy, in keeping with a simple ascetic faith
instruments
voice–banned because secular and Greek/Roman
music characteristics
vocal, simple, unpretentious
music influenced by
Byzantine (hymn tunes) and Jewish Temple (ornate melodies)
Greek influence on music
theory and mode names
Chant
monophonic, no known composers, based on church modes, rhythms derived from Latin texts
3 types of chant
Mozarabic (Spain), Gallican (N. Europe), Gregorian (Rome
Gregorian chant named after
Pope Gregory–gathered and codified it
Guido of Arezzo
notation and singing style
function of chant
express faith in God while being otherworldly
central church service
mass
2 false teachings
transubstantiation. Christ resacrificed
worship parts
ordinary (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Ite missa est. proper (based on church year) (Introit, gradual, alleluia, offertory, communion, readings, psalms, verse of the day
Byzantine Chant
2 parts–melody (unified voice of church) and ison (uncreated light of God). compared to creed and word painting.
each mode has what
emotional significance
music written in
neumes on 4-line staff
Kyrie is what
melismatic–many notes on 1 syllable. 3 parts–eleison, Christe, eleison.
cadence
point of rest of melody
form symbolism
ABA trinity
Office Hours
choir monks follow, order of daily life
special texts in GC
canticals and psalms
