Chapter 5 Flashcards
nonverbal cues
behaviours, gestures, attitudes and expressions that convey thought or emotion without words
- communicates personation traits
- facilitates verbal communication
five basic channels of nonverbal behaviour
- facial expression
- eye contact
- body movement
- posture
- touching
6 basic emotions - +2
- happiness
- sadness
- anger
- surprise
- disgust
+ pride
+ shame
microexpressions
involuntary expressions of facial emotion that only last a fraction of a second
self-verification
the motivation of an individual for others to know him or her accuracy, including his or her negative features
dispositional attribution
- internal attribution
- inferring that a person’s traits, something internal, caused his or her behaviour
situational attribution
- external attribution
- inferring that the situation a person is in- something external to the person - caused his or her behaviour
correspondent inference theory
the theory that people base their inference regarding the source of others’ behaviours on whether or not the behaviour was socially desirable
covariation theory
the theory that people base their inferences regarding the sources of other’ behaviours on whether or not there is consensus regarding the way one ought to respond, the distinctiveness of the response and the consistency of the person’s response arose situations
correspondence bias
the tendency of people to make dispositional attributions for other’s behaviours
fundamental attribution error
a more commonly known name for the correspondence bias.
- someone acts a certain way because thats the way that they are (internal attribution) - ignoring all other factors
spontaneous trait inference
the process of automatically inferring traits from another persons’s behaviour
three-stage model of attribution
a model in which an observer automatically characterized a behaviour, automatically makes a dispositional inference and then uses conscious effort to correct to do so
need for cognition
the need that some individuals have to think, solve problems and understand their world accurately
belief in a just world
people have to believe that the world is par and adjust their other beliefs to maintain that stand by concluding that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people
primacy effect
the phenomenon whereby the first pieces of information to which we are exposed have the most impact on our judgements
recency effect
the phenomenon whereby the last pouches of information to which we are exposed have heightened impact on our judgements, relative to information received in the middle
what is beautiful is good
the phenomenon wherein beautiful things are imbedded with positivity and activate positive things in the mind
halo effect
when one positive thing is known or believed about a person or target person, we tend to infer that the individual is positive overall and thus has other positive features
belief perseverance
holding on to one’s beliefs, even in the gave of contradictory evidence
self-fulfilling prophecy
expecting that something will happened and acting in ways that may unintentionally elect exactly what we expected
facial expressions can be
encoded or decoded
encoded
our own facial expressions
decode
figuring out other peoples facial expressions
questions about universality of facial expression
found that there is difficulty with decoding
- if only provided with photo they cannot
- if provided with photo and list, they can
other forms of nonverbal behaviour
- affected by display rules
- eye contact
- personal space
- touch
- gestures
display rules
- what things mean
- when it’s appropriate
ex. cultural rules
variation of nonverbal behaviour due to
- situational context
- individuals
gender and nonverbal behaviour
- decoding nonverbal behaviour
- encoding nonverbal behaviour
decoding nonverbal behaviour
- women are better at it (?)
- men are better at detecting lies (because men are less trusting of women/others)
encoding nonverbal behaviour
- gender displays (different forms)
- code of gender
erving goffman
suggested that we our nonverbal behaviours engage in gender display
- gender is a performance
- understand our gender through the behaviours we engage in everyday
codes of gender
rules governing gender performances in our culture
implicit personality theory
- type of schema
- group various traits together (ex.people who are viewed to be helpful are also viewed as sincere)
- help us form well-developed impressions of people quickly
- tired to culture ( traits going hand in hand can vary from different cultures)
- don’t only have to refer to personality traits as they can also include; likes and dislikes
attribution
- how we come to explain the reason for someone’s behaviour
- attributions can be internal or external
when we try to offer an explanation for something we are coming up with
a casual attribution
kelly’s covariation theory***
interactions where events may be caused by the
- actor
- entity
- situation
actor
person performing the behaviour
entity
people to whom the behaviour is directed to
situation
social context of the behaviour
kelly’s example
when bob and sally meet, bob hugs sally
example - actor
bob is an affectionate people
example - entity
bob is so loveable
example - situation
reunion of close friends who haven’t seen each other in a while
factors we consider
- distinctiveness
- consensus
- consistency
distinctiveness
- how unusual is this behaviour
low distinctiveness -example
bob hugs everybody
high distinctiveness - example
bob never hugs anyone
consensus
how much agreement is there that the entity should be treated this way (do other people treat the entity this way as well)
low consensus - example
no one else hugs sally
high consensus - example
everybody hugs sally
consistency
how often does this actor perform this behaviour with this entity
high consistency - example
bob hugs sally every time
low consistency - example
just this one time
resulting attribution
determining the results
low distinctiveness, low consensus, high consistency
actor attribution
high distinctiveness, high consensus, high consistency
entity attribution
attribution and advertising
- trying to make an entity attribution
- high distinctiveness
distinctiveness - example
life cereal - mikey hates everything but loves this brand of cereal
consensus - example
bob hugs sally - everybody hugs sally
- 9/10 people really love this product, so you should love it too
biases in attribution
- fundamental attribution error
- actor/observer difference
- self-serving bias
what can contribute to the fundamental attribution error
- role of schemas
- perceptual salience
- anchoring/adjusting heuristic
- two step attributional process
perpetual salience
what information stand out at you the most
- shining our spotlight on the person; information for behaviour is going to be individually based and not all other background information
anchoring/adjusting heuristic
we are asked to make a judgement about something/one, our judgement revolves around a certain starting point
- ex. price is right; answers are based on first contestant’s answer
two-step attributional process
- automatically make an internal attribution (“thats the kind of person she is”
- consider factors outside that individual
- this might make us move away from an internal attribution to and external attribution
actor/observer difference
- someone else’s attribution we thinks its internal
- our own attribution as external
ex. he’s being rude because he’s a jerk, i was being rude because i was having a bad day
what can contribute to the actor/observer difference
- perceptual salience
- availability
- expectation
expectation
- we know someone well and like them, you are more likely to consider the external factors
- external causes are obvious (is you see someone crash, because it’s slippery - you’re less likely to think they’re a bad driver and just blame it on the weather)
self-serving bias
- how you explain your own behaviours
- tied to a specific situation
- example: when you fail at something you make an external attribution; when you succeed at something you make an internal attribution
what can contribute to self serving bias
- Cognitive explanations
- Motivational explanations
- Exceptions:
Clinically-depressed
Gender differences
Other needs are more important than self-esteem
