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Comparative Government > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does “demos” mean in greek?

A

The common people

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2
Q

What does “kratia” mean in greek?

A

Power

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3
Q

Political power, direct or indirect, through participation, competition, and liberty refers to what?

A

Democracy

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4
Q

What favors individual freedom over collective equality?

A

Democracy

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5
Q

What places greater emphasis on equality while still protecting individual rights?

A

Social Democracies

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6
Q

Can Mercantilism can also maintain the values of social democracy in spite of a large state role?

A

Yes

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7
Q

List 4 examples of Democracies

A
  • India
  • Japan
  • Taiwan
  • South Korea
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8
Q

Democracy tends to have what kind of connotation?

A

A positive one

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9
Q

True or false: Soviet Union saw itself as democratic

A

True

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10
Q

Direct participation, people functioned as the state and government refers to what?

A

Athenian Democracy

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11
Q

Indirect participation, exercised on behalf of people, separation of powers refers to what?

A

Republicanism

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12
Q

In a democracy, which group has control over the levers of political power?

A

The larger group (Popular Sovereignty)

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13
Q

What country is seen as the birthplace of modern democratic institutions?

A

England

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14
Q

What were the rights of King John that were curbed by lower aristocracy referred to?

A

1215 Magna Carta

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15
Q

What are the laws that apply to all irrespective of political position?

A

Notion of the rule of law

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16
Q

True or False: Sets in motion notion of legal supremacy over people and political leaders

A

True

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17
Q

When there is less of a need for repression of people (to collect taxes, wage war) is the state stronger or weaker?

A

Weaker

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18
Q

In democracies, can power be checked by lower groups classesdecentralized?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What does the modernization theory state?

A

That as societies become more modern they inevitably become more democratic

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20
Q

Modernization is associated with what 4 things?

A
  • More education
  • Weakening of older, traditional institutions
  • Greater gender equality
  • Rise of the middle class
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21
Q

Whether democratization follows modernization is linked to what?

A

Who is in power - elites

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22
Q

What states have had a rise in material wealth, education, modernization without democratization?

A

Oil states of the Middle East

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23
Q

What is an obstacle to democratization?

A

Poverty

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24
Q

How resources are distributed affects what?

A

Likelihood for change

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25
Q

Organized life outside the state refers to what?

A

Civil society

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26
Q

What are some examples of civil societies?

A
  • Clubs
  • Associations
  • Societies
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27
Q

What are inherently apolitical, but allow people to participate in expressing issues that are important - aid in democratization?

A

Civil socities

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28
Q

Modernization can be a result of what?

A
  • Foreign investment
  • Trade
  • Globalization
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29
Q

Can outside influences push democratization?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Civil societies are strengthened by what?

A
  • Education
  • Media
  • Nongovernmental Organizations outside the country
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31
Q

True or false: The extent of international influence isn’t variable in democratization

A

False, the Extent of international influence is highly variable

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32
Q

Political culture is the culture of what?

A

Culture of democracy

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33
Q

What breeds democracy?

A

Democratic traditions and individualistic society

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34
Q

Does modernization necessarily breed democracy?

A

No

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35
Q

Modernization can be a result of what 3 things?

A
  • Foreign investment
  • Trade
  • Globalization
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36
Q

True or false: Outside influences can push democratization

A

True

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37
Q

Civil society strengthened by what 3 things?

A
  • Education
  • Media
  • Nongovernmental organizations outside the country
38
Q

Democratic traditions and individualistic society breeds what?

A

Democracy

39
Q

Heads of state and government are what?

A

Excecutives

40
Q

Who carries out the laws and policies of a state?

A

Executives

41
Q

What are the two roles of executives?

A
  • Head of state

- Head of government

42
Q

These individuals are in charge of the everyday tasks of running the state, especially in making policy

A

Heads of Government

43
Q

Head of government can be removed by a vote of no confidence by who?

A

The legislature

44
Q

Unicameralism means what?

A

Single Chamber

45
Q

The following refer to what?

Goes back to Britain, notion of different chambers for different classes

Commonly used under federalism: one house to represent local communities

A

Bicameralism

46
Q

True or False: Constitutional Courts have grown in importance over time

A

True

47
Q

What are the different forms of constitutional court power?

A

Judicial review

  • Concrete Review
  • Abstract Review
48
Q

Ability to rule on constitutional issues rising from cases brought before court refers to what?

A

Concrete Review

49
Q

Ability to rule on constitutional issues without the need of a court case refers to what?

A

Abstract review

50
Q

In a parliamentary system who dominates as the head of government?

A

The Prime minister

51
Q

Can the head be removed by national elections or vote of no confidence in legislature?

A

Yes

52
Q

In a presidential system how is the president elected?

A

Directly

53
Q

In which system does the president serve as both head of state and government–no prime minister?

A

A presidential system

54
Q

In a presidential system, what are the only two ways in which a president can be removed?

A

Impeachment or election

55
Q

In which system is the prime minister charged with domestic policy?

A

Semipresidential system

56
Q

In which system does the directly elected president set broader agenda and foreign relations, national security?

A

Semipresidential system

57
Q

Give 3 examples of states with a semipresidential system

A
  • Russia
  • South Korea
  • Taiwan
58
Q

What are two MAIN reasons for having political parties?

A
  • Bring together diverse groups of people and ideas

- Way to hold politicians accountable

59
Q

Give two reasons for why bringing diverse groups of people and ideas is good for political parties

A
  • Helps establish majority rule, prevents fragmentation

- But also heterogeneous—prevents tyranny of the majority

60
Q

Give two reasons for why bringing diverse groups of people and ideas is good for political parties

A
  • Helps establish majority rule, prevents fragmentation

- But also heterogeneous—prevents tyranny of the majority

61
Q

List one way in which political parties can hold politicians accountable

A

Articulated ideology that can be evaluated

62
Q

What is central to liberal democracy?

A

Elections and voter participation

63
Q

What are the two electoral systems?

A
  • Single Member District (SMD)

- Proportional Representation (PR)

64
Q

What kind of system is used in minority of democratic countries?

A

The electoral system

65
Q

List three countries that use the electoral system

A
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Great Britain
66
Q

What constitutes a single-member district?

A

Only one seat being contested per district

67
Q

In which system do voters cast ballots for only one individual, and the candidate with a plurality (largest share) wins the seat?

A

Single member district–Electoral system

68
Q

What are known as “wasted” votes?

A

The votes that are not cast for the winner

69
Q

True or False: In a single member district large number of votes maybe not be wasted

A

False, they can and are referred to as “wasted votes”

70
Q

Does the share of seats always reflect the share of votes won?

A

Not always

71
Q

What is the result of people unwilling to vote for small parties?

A

a two party system

72
Q

What is an alternative step that can be taken to ensure a majority in single member districts?

A

Have two rounds or other mechanisms

73
Q

What is the system that is used by the majority of liberal democracies?

A

Proportional Representation: Multimember Districts

74
Q

What system attempts to make proportion of votes reflect number of seats won in the legislature?

A

Proportional Representation: Multimember Districts

75
Q

In which system do Voters cast vote for a party (not a candidate) that competes in multimember districts?

A

Proportional Representation: Multimember Districts

76
Q

In which system are Votes are tallied and seats divided by the percentage gained by each party?

A

Proportional Representation: Multimember Districts

77
Q

What is one of the effects of proportional representation when it comes to small parties?

A

They can actually win seats

78
Q

True or False: Many votes are wasted in a proportional representation

A

False, fewer votes are actually wasted

79
Q

What are 2 effects of proportional representation?

A
  • Parties control who will fill seats for their party, increasing party discipline
  • Many more parties in legislature—may lead to coalition government (no one party has majority of seats)
80
Q

List three examples of countries which use both Single Member District and Proportional Representation

A
  • Germany
  • Japan
  • Mexico
81
Q

In which system do voters get a dual ballot and how does it work?

A

In a mixed electoral system voters cast a vote for a single member district AND for a party

82
Q

What are a referendum and initiative?

A

National ballot on an issue

83
Q

How does a referendum work?

A

Top-down, binding on government

84
Q

How does an initiative work?

A

Bottom-up, binding ob government

85
Q

Which two countries have no constitutional provisions on referendums and initiatives?

A

The U.S. and Canada

86
Q

In which country are referendums and initiatives VERY common?

A

Switzerland

87
Q

When it comes to civil rights and civil liberties, what is the substance of democracy itself?

A

The rule of law

88
Q

What do civil rights promote?

A

Civil rights promote equality!

89
Q

What do civil liberties promote?

A

Civil liberties promote freedom!

90
Q

List at least four variations within the range of civil rights and liberties

A
  • Free speech
  • Movement
  • Privacy
  • Religion

Comparative Government (12 decks)

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