Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Research Methods and Statistics > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Descriptive research

A

Observation and description of a behavior, the situation it occurs in, or the individual exhibiting it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Purpose of descriptive research

A

Describe natural behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three advantages to descriptive research

A

Informative, starting point for IDing variables and building HCs that can be tested later using other methods, and it can be the only practical or ethical method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two categories of descriptive research

A

Observational and field studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Observational research

A

Observe in an unobtrusive manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 observational methods

A

Naturalistic, systematic naturalistic, and participant observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observes a wide variety of behaviors in an unobtrusive manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Systematic naturalistic observation

A

ID a particular behavior to observe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Participant observation

A

Researcher becomes a participating member of the group being observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Advantage to observational designs

A

Behaviors are not influenced by reactivity or other demand characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disadvantages of observational designs

A

Descriptions are susceptible to experimenter expectations, limited in individuals we can find to observe (unrepresentative sample), only have verbal descriptions (qualitative data lacks precision and accuracy), no informed consent, little internal validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Raters

A

People who are blind to the hypothesis and trained to use our scoring criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multiple raters

A

More than one rater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

The extent to which rates agree on the scores they assign to a participant’s behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Other observational research procedures

A

Archival research, ex post facto research, and case studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Archival research

A

Source of data is written records

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disadvantages to archival research

A

Obtaining access to records may be difficult, records are not made with a researcher’s question in mind, and there are few control to prevent the record-keeper’s biases and errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Advantages to archival research

A

Allows us to study behaviors that would otherwise be unobservable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ex post facto research

A

A descriptive or experimental study conducted after the events of interest have occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Disadvantages to ex post facto research

A

Obtain potentially unreliable data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Case study

A

In-depth study of one situation or “case”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Advantage of case studies

A

Provide an in-depth description

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disadvantage of case studies

A

Generalizability may be poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Field survey

A

People complete a questionnaire/interview in a natural setting so that we may infer the responses we would see if we polled the population

25
Q

Mailed survey

A

Useful when we need a larger sample and/or a lengthy questionnaire is being used

26
Q

Telephone survey

A

Shorter and faster

27
Q

Difficulty with mailed and phone surveys

A

Getting people to participate

28
Q

Volunteer bais

A

Bias that arises from the particular people who participate in a study, volunteers tend to have a higher social status and intelligence

29
Q

Two sampling techniques

A

Probability and nonprobabilty sampling

30
Q

Probability sampling

A

Random sampling

31
Q

Simple random sampling

A

Select participants so that all members of the pollution have an equal chance of being selected

32
Q

Systematic random sampling

A

Every nth person is selected

33
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

Randomly select form the important subgroups so that their representation in the sample in proportional to the population

34
Q

Cluster sampling

A

Certain clusters/groups are randomly selected and all members of each group are observed

35
Q

Nonprobability sampling

A

No random sampling

36
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Study participants who are available

37
Q

Quota sampling

A

Ensure the sample has the same percentage or each subgroup, but they are not randomly sampled

38
Q

Snowball sampling

A

ID one participant, use him/her to find other potential participants, and ID others from them, etc…

39
Q

Close-ended question

A

Researcher provides alternatives to choose from

40
Q

Disadvantage of close-ended questions

A

Yield limited info

41
Q

Open-ended question

A

Participant determines the alternatives to choose from and the response

42
Q

Advantages to open-ended questions

A

Allow for a wide range of responses, researchers may discover new relevant variables, not limited to one perspective or phrasing

43
Q

Disadvantages of open-ended questions

A

Requires research interpretation, scoring is susceptible to experimenter biases and expectations

44
Q

Content analysis

A

Score a participant’s written/spoken answer by counting specified types of responses

45
Q

Advantage of interviewers

A

Ensure participants complete the questions as asked; Interviewers can react to responses

46
Q

Disadvantage of interviewers

A

May inadvertently heighten the demand characteristics of reactivity and social desirability

47
Q

Structured interview

A

Participants are asked specific, pre-determined questions in a controlled manner

48
Q

Unstructured interview

A

The researcher has a general idea of the open-ended questions that will be asked, but has the freedom to discuss and interact with the participant

49
Q

Goal of question construction

A

Reliably and validly discriminate between participants on the variable being studied

50
Q

Double-barrled question

A

Questions with more than one component

51
Q

Leading question

A

Questions that communicate social desirability or experimenter expectancies

52
Q

Barnum statements

A

Questions so global and vague that everyone would agree or select the same response

53
Q

Response scale

A

Number and type of choices to provide for each question

54
Q

Use even or odd umber of choices?

A

Even

55
Q

Practice effects

A

Participants first find questions to be novel and react strongly then later become more comfortable or bored

56
Q

Carry-over effects

A

Participants respond in a biased fashion to later questions because of earlier ones

57
Q

How to deal with order effects

A

Provide practice questions
Counterbalance order effects (different orders for different participants)
Prevent response sets (vary question format to force the participant to think)
Use alternate forms

58
Q

Alternate forms

A

Different versions of the same questionnaire

59
Q

Catch trials

A

Catch participants who give no thought to the questions or answer randomly, create questions to which we know the truthful response or make the same question with answers in a different order

Psychology Research Methods and Statistics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions