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Psychology Research Methods and Statistics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

The entire group to which a law of nature applies

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2
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population intended to represent the population

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3
Q

Representative sample

A

Accurately represents the characteristics and behaviors of individuals in the population

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4
Q

Random sampling

A

Selecting a sample which each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

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5
Q

Hypothetical construct

A

An abstract concept used to summarize and describe behaviors that share certain attributes

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6
Q

Contracts are intentionally general why?

A

So that they may be examined from many different perspectives

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7
Q

Variable

A

Any measurable aspect of a behavior or influence on a behavior that may change

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8
Q

How do we examine an aspect of a hypothetical construct?

A

By selecting a specific variable to measure

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9
Q

Quantitative variable

A

The score indicates the amount of the variable

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10
Q

Qualitative variable

A

Indicates a quality or category

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11
Q

Operational definition

A

Defines a variable by the specific operations used to measure it

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12
Q

How is each variable in the study defined?

A

In the terms of the procedure used to measure it

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13
Q

Relationship

A

When a change in one variable is accompanied by a consistent change in another variable

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14
Q

Strength of a relationship

A

The extent to which one value of Y is consistently associated with one value of X

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15
Q

Two reasons relationships are not perfectly consistent

A

External influences and individual differences

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16
Q

Individual differences

A

No two individuals are identical, which may influence behavior in any given situation

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17
Q

In research, what parts of the relationship are we concerned with?

A

The strength and existence.

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18
Q

What is the given variable?

A

X

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19
Q

What is the other variable?

A

Y

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20
Q

The scores on Y change as a what to X?

A

A function

21
Q

Data point

A

Dot on a graph

22
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Procedures for organizing and summarizing scores so that we can describe and communicate the important characteristics of the data

23
Q

Purposes of Descriptive statistics

A

Tell if there is a relationship, summarize scores and describe the data, and predict behavior

24
Q

Inferential statistics

A

To infer the description applicable to everyone in the population based on the sample data; Procedures for deciding if the sample data represents the population. If the sample is believable

25
Q

Does a sample always accurately represent a population?

A

No

26
Q

Generalize

A

Apply conclusions to other individuals or situations

27
Q

Two ways we generalize

A

The relationship in the sample to the population, and variables in the population to the relationship between broader hypothetical constructs

28
Q

Experiment

A

Actively changes or manipulates one variable and measures the resulting behavior

29
Q

Independent variable

A

Directly changed

30
Q

Confederates

A

People enlisted to act as other participant or accidental passerby’s

31
Q

Condition/level/treatment

A

A specific amount or category of the independent variable that the researcher selects to create the situation under which the participants are observed

32
Q

Independent variable:Conditions

A

Entire causal variable of interest: specific amounts/ categories of the variable

33
Q

Control group

A

Measured for the dependent variable but receives no independent variable or treatment

34
Q

Experimental group

A

Receives a nonzero amount of the independent variable

35
Q

True experiment

A

The independent variable is controlled by the researcher

36
Q

True independent variable

A

Controlled by the researcher

37
Q

Random assignment

A

Condition of independent variable is determined by chance

38
Q

Quasi-independent variable

A

Variables which cannot be manipulated

39
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

Not what the researcher does to the participant, but the participant is assigned to a particular condition because ethic already qualify for it

40
Q

Dependent variable

A

Reflects some aspect of the participants or their behavior

41
Q

Reaction time

A

Amount of time the participant takes to respond

42
Q

Forced-choice procedure

A

Participants select form a limited set of choices

43
Q

Sorting task

A

Indicate similarities or differences by sorting the stimuli into different groups

44
Q

Self-reports

A

Asked to describe their feelings, beliefs, or attitudes

45
Q

Likert-type questions

A

Rate a series of statements

46
Q

Intervening variables

A

Influenced by the independent variable, which in turn influences the dependent variable

47
Q

Descriptive design

A

Simply observe behaviors or relationships so that we may describe them

48
Q

Correlation design

A

Passively measure scores on at least two variable and determine whether the scores form the predicted relationship

Psychology Research Methods and Statistics (9 decks)

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