Chapter 4

Question 1

What should an IV do?

Answer 1

Reflect the HCs and generalize well

Question 2

Choosing the number of conditions

Answer 2

Depends on the study

Question 3

Choosing the amount of variable for each condition

Answer 3

Need to make a strong manipulation

Question 4

Strong manipulation

Answer 4

Manipulate the variable in a way which is likely to produce differences

Question 5

Two approaches to create a strong manipulation

Answer 5

Select amounts or categories that are significantly different from each other and have participants experience a condition sufficiently for it to influence their behavior

Question 6

Control for validity

Answer 6

Eliminate confounding variables

Question 7

Control for reliability

Answer 7

Measure and manipulate consistently and without error

Question 8

Manipulation check

Answer 8

A measurement, in addition to the dependent variable, that determines whether each condition of the IV had its intended effect; Used to check for intervening variables

Question 9

Designing the IV

Answer 9

Selecting the number of conditions and their amounts, minimizing confounding variables, employing strong manipulation, and a performing manipulation check.

Question 10

Scoring criteria

Answer 10

Define the system for assigning scores to different responses; eliminates inconsistency, sloppiness, and error

Question 11

Sensitive measure

Answer 11

Produces different scores for small differences in behavior

Question 12

Restriction of range

Answer 12

The range of possible scores on a variable is limited

Question 13

Ceiling effects

Answer 13

The lowest potential score is so high that higher-scoring individuals cannot get much higher

Question 14

Floor effects

Answer 14

The highest potential scores are so low that lower-scoring individuals can’t get much lower

Question 15

Research ethics

Answer 15

Balancing a researcher’s right to study a behavior with the right of participants to be protected from abuse

Question 16

5 general components to the APA principles

Answer 16

1. ID potential risks
2. Protect participants from physical and psychological harm
3. Justify remaining risks
4. Obtain informed consent
5. Take care of participant after the study

Question 17

When can deception be used?

Answer 17

Only when necessary

Question 18

Info about participants should be kept what?

Answer 18

Confidential

Question 19

When are risks justified?

Answer 19

When the study will demonstrate something new and important

Question 20

Primary ethical concern

Answer 20

Minimize potential physical/psychological harm and ensure any remaining risk is justified

Question 21

Human Subjects Review Committee

Answer 21

Reviews a study’s procedures to ensure the ethical treatment of participants

Question 22

4 components of informed consent

Answer 22

1. Describe the purpose and procedure of the study
2. Explicitly warn participants of any physical/psychological risks
3. Inform participants that they are free to discontinue the study at any time without penalty
4. Obtain signatures as explicit consent

Question 23

Debriefing

Answer 23

Fully inform participants about all aspects of the study, including the manipulation and any deception used and why

Question 24

Role playing

Answer 24

Have people simulate being in the experiment

Question 25

Animal research ethics

Answer 25

APA provides guidelines how to treat animals, evaluate it in the same way we do human research ethics

Question 26

Prevent fraud

Answer 26

Peer review and replication