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Psychology Research Methods and Statistics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Statistical notation

A

Code for communicating statistical results and for simplifying statistical formulas

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2
Q

Scientific method

A

A set of rules consisting of certain assumptions, attitudes, goals, and procedures for creating and answering questions about nature

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3
Q

Lawful

A

Every event can be understood as a predictable sequence of natural causes and effects

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4
Q

Determinism

A

Behavior is solely influenced by natural causes and does not depend on an individual’s choice or “free will”

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5
Q

What must behavior be assumed to be in order to be studied scientifically?

A

Lawful, determined, and understandable

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6
Q

Opne-minded

A

Leaving biases and preconceptions behind

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7
Q

Research ethics

A

Neither researchers nor their research should cause harm to others

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8
Q

What traits should scientists have?

A

Uncertain, open-minded, skeptical, cautious, and ethical

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9
Q

Design

A

Specific manner in which the study is set up and conducted

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10
Q

Subjects/Participants

A

Specific people or animals to study

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11
Q

Empirical

A

Learned by observation

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12
Q

Objectivity

A

The researcher’s biases, attitudes, or subjective impressions do not influence the observations or conclusions

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13
Q

Systematic

A

Observations are obtained in a methodical, step-by-step fashion

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14
Q

Control

A

Eliminating factors that might influence the behavior being observed

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15
Q

Acceptable scientific evidence is obtained through what?

A

Empirical, objective, and controlled research.

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16
Q

Pseudo-explanation

A

Giving as the reason for an event another name for that event

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17
Q

To completely understand a behavior, researchers strive to do what?

A

Describe it, explain its causes, and predict and control its occurrence

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18
Q

Applied research

A

Solving an existing, real-life problem

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19
Q

Basic research

A

Research conducted simply for the knowledge it produces

20
Q

What is the purpose of basic research?

A

To obtain knowledge

21
Q

What is the purpose of applied research?

A

To solve an existing problem

22
Q

What is one specific study in light of a behavior?

A

A “snapshot” or small portion, representing a very limited and simplified view and contributing minutely to the goals of understanding a behavior

23
Q

Hypothesis

A

A formally stated expectation about how a behavior operates

24
Q

Casual hypothesis

A

Tentatively identifies a particular cause for, or influence on, a behavior

25
Q

Descriptive hypothesis

A

Tentatively describes a behavior in terms of its characteristics or the situation in which it occurs, and allows us to predict when it occurs. NOT causes

26
Q

Main difference between casual and descriptive hypotheses?

A

Casual postulates an influence, descriptive postulates characteristics

27
Q

Testable

A

It is possible to devise a test

28
Q

Falsifiable

A

The test can potentially show that the hypothesis is incorrect

29
Q

Precise

A

Clearly defined

30
Q

Rational

A

Logically fits with what is already known

31
Q

Parsimonious

A

As simple as possible

32
Q

What characteristics should a scientific hypothesis have?

A

Falsifiable, testable, precise, rational, and parsimonious

33
Q

Theory

A

An integrated set of proposals that defines, explains, organizes, and interrelates knowledge about many behaviors

34
Q

Two major functions of theories?

A

Organize findings and guide research

35
Q

What is a theory?

A

An organized body of research that describes and explains a wide range of behaviors

36
Q

Model

A

A description that, by analogy, explains the process underlying particular behaviors. More specific and concrete than a theory

37
Q

Prediction

A

A specific statement about how we will see the behavior manifested in the research situation, describing results we expect to see

38
Q

Four flaws in evidence

A

Some behaviors cannot be studied in a completely empirical, objective, systematic, and controlled way, decisions made in designing a study, technical limitations that produce misleading info, and the results of one study may be biased or a fluke

39
Q

What does the design of eh study determine?

A

The snapshot of the behavior and the evidence for the hypothesis

40
Q

Disconfirmation

A

Evidence that the hypothesis is false

41
Q

Confirmation

A

Findings are consistent with the hypothesis, but does not make the hypothesis true

42
Q

Where does the best evidence come from?

A

Disconfirming competing hypotheses and confirming your own

43
Q

What do we do when we confirm a hypothesis?

A

Merely more confidant that it is true, it can never be proven

44
Q

What is our confidence in any hypothesis based on?

A

The quantity and quality of evidence

45
Q

Replication

A

Repeatedly conducting studies that test and confirm a hypothesis

46
Q

Literal replication

A

Duplicate precisely the specific design and results of a previous study, eliminates “chance factors”

47
Q

Conceptual replication

A

Provides additional confirmation while measuring the behavior in a different way, with different types of participants, or with a different design

Psychology Research Methods and Statistics (9 decks)

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