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AP Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction.

A

Macromolecule

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2
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

A

Polymer

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3
Q

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

A

Monomer

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4
Q

A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.

A

Condensation Reaction

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5
Q

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

A

Dehydration Synthesis (Reaction)

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6
Q

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A

Enzymes

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7
Q

A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers.

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis.

A

Disaccharide

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11
Q

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

A

Glycosidic Linkage

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12
Q

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.

A

Polysaccharide

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13
Q

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.

A

Starch

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14
Q

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of a starch.

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by ß glycosidic linkages.

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.

A

Lipids

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17
Q

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.

A

Fat

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18
Q

A long carbon chain carboxylic acid.

A

Fatty Acid

19
Q

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

20
Q

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

21
Q

An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.

A

Trans Fat

22
Q

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

A

Phospholipids

23
Q

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.

A

Steroid

24
Q

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones.

A

Cholesterol

25
Q

A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A

Catalyst

26
Q

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide

27
Q

A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

A

Protein

28
Q

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

A

Amino Acid

29
Q

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

A

Peptide Bond

30
Q

The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.

A

Primary Structure (of a protein)

31
Q

The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.

A

Secondary Structure (of a protein)

32
Q

Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.

A

Tertiary Structure (of a protein)

33
Q

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

A

Disulfide Bridges

34
Q

The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.

A

Quaternary Structure (of a protein)

35
Q

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix.

A

Denaturation

36
Q

A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.

A

Chaperonins

37
Q

A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.

A

X-ray Crystallography

38
Q

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

A

Gene

39
Q

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.

A

Nucleic Acid

40
Q

A double-stranted, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

A

DNA

41
Q

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.

A

RNA

42
Q

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a sin-membered ring. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are these.

A

Pyrimidine

43
Q

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine and guanine are these.

A

Purine

44
Q

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

A

Double Helix

AP Biology (24 decks)

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