Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards
A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule.
Polar Molecule
The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.
Cohesion
The attraction between different kinds of molecules.
Adhesion
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.
Surface Tension
The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces like gravity.
Capillary Action
The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.
Kinetic Energy
The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.
Heat
A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Temperature
The scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° under standard conditions.
Celsius Scale
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1º C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1º C.
Calorie
A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1º C.
Kilocalorie
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1º C.
Specific Heat
The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
Heat of Vaporization
The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a hang of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state.
Evaporative Cooling
A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
Solution
The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.
Solvent
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Solute
A solution in which water is the solvent.
Aqueous Solution
The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion.
Hydration Shell
Having an affinity for water.
Hydrophilic
Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
Hydrophobic
A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather that dissolved in that liquid.
Colloid
The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.
Molecular Mass
The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules.
Mole
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Acid
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Base
A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
Buffer
Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2.
Acid Precipitation
The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
Organic Chemistry
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons
One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Structural Isomers
One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.
Geometric Isomers
One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.
Isomers
One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.
Enantiomers
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
Functional Groups
An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
ATP
